1. Introduction/Overview Cough is a complex, protective reflex action mediated by the cough center in the medulla oblongata and involving afferent and efferent neural pathways. While essential for airway clearance,…

1. Introduction/Overview Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents a significant global health burden, characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities. The pharmacological management…

1. Introduction/Overview Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) represents a significant global health burden characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to airway and alveolar abnormalities, typically caused by…

Introduction/Overview Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction. The pharmacological management of asthma represents a cornerstone…

Introduction/Overview Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and underlying inflammation. The pharmacological management of asthma aims to achieve and…

Introduction/Overview Bronchodilators constitute a cornerstone of pharmacotherapy for obstructive pulmonary diseases, primarily asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These agents function by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle, thereby increasing airway…

Introduction/Overview Bronchodilators constitute a cornerstone of pharmacotherapy for obstructive airway diseases, primarily asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These agents function by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle, thereby increasing airway…

Introduction/Overview Serotonin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), functions as a critical neurotransmitter and autacoid, modulating a vast array of physiological and psychological processes. Its actions are mediated through an intricate system of…

Introduction/Overview Prostaglandins and related eicosanoids constitute a vast family of lipid-derived autacoids that function as potent local signaling molecules. These compounds are not stored within cells but are synthesized de…

Introduction/Overview Serotonin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), functions as a critical neurotransmitter and autacoid, modulating a vast array of physiological and pathological processes. Its actions are mediated through an exceptionally diverse receptor…