Pharmacology of Linezolid
Linezolid is a synthetic oxazolidinone antibiotic indicated for serious Gram-positive bacterial infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. It is…
Pharmacology of Rivaroxaban
Introduction Rivaroxaban is an oral direct Factor Xa inhibitor widely used for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Developed as part of a newer generation of target-specific oral anticoagulants (TSOACs) or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), rivaroxaban offers…
Pharmacology of Vancomycin
Introduction Vancomycin is a prominent glycopeptide antibiotic widely recognized for its efficacy in treating severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and certain Clostridioides difficile (C.…
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Introduction Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing-remitting inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that primarily includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Both conditions can produce significant…
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Introduction Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits in the absence of any identifiable structural or biochemical abnormalities. IBS…
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
I. Introduction Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic disorder characterized by the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, which leads to troublesome symptoms, mucosal injury, and, in some cases,…
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) – A brief note
Introduction Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by sores or lesions in the lining of the stomach or duodenum. It is a significant health concern worldwide, affecting…
Helicobacter pylori Infection and Treatment
Introduction Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral-shaped, gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human stomach and duodenum. First identified in the early 1980s, this organism quickly garnered attention due to its…
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES)
I. Definition, Historical Perspective & Epidemiology Zollinger–Ellison Syndrome (ZES) is a rare disorder characterized by gastrin-secreting tumors (“gastrinomas”) of the pancreas or duodenum. These tumors lead to excessive gastric acid secretion,…
Pharmacovigilance
1 · Introduction Pharmacovigilance (PV) is the “science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other medicine-related problem” (WHO). In an era of…
