Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Introduction Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits in the absence of any identifiable structural or biochemical abnormalities. IBS…
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Introduction Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common, chronic condition that affects millions of individuals worldwide. It occurs when stomach acid or, at times, bile flows back into the esophagus,…
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) – A brief note
Introduction Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by sores or lesions in the lining of the stomach or duodenum. It is a significant health concern worldwide, affecting…
Helicobacter pylori Infection and Treatment
Introduction Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral-shaped, gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human stomach and duodenum. First identified in the early 1980s, this organism quickly garnered attention due to its…
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES)
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES) is a rare digestive disorder characterized by the development of one or more tumors, known as gastrinomas, in the pancreas and/or the upper part of the small…
Pharmacovigilance
1 · Introduction Pharmacovigilance (PV) is the “science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other medicine-related problem” (WHO). In an era of…
Pharmacology of Oxytocin
Oxytocin, a neuropeptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its diverse physiological and psychological effects.…
Pharmacology of Tocolytic Agents
Tocolytic agents are medications used to suppress premature labor by inhibiting uterine contractions. Their primary goal is to delay delivery long enough to allow for the administration of antenatal corticosteroids…
Pharmacology of thyroid and antithyroid drugs – an Overview
Physiology of Thyroid Hormones Thyroid Hormone Synthesis The thyroid secretes T4 and T3, the synthesis of which depends on dietary iodine or iodide supplements.- Iodide ion is actively taken up…
Pharmacology of Prostaglandin Analogues
Introduction Prostaglandin analogues are a class of drugs that bind to a prostaglandin receptor1. They have revolutionized the management of glaucoma, with their intraocular pressure (IOP) reducing efficacy combined with few…
