Pharmacovigilance
1 · Introduction Pharmacovigilance (PV) is the “science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other medicine-related problem” (WHO). In an era of…
Pharmacology of Oxytocin
Oxytocin, a neuropeptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its diverse physiological and psychological effects.…
Pharmacology of thyroid drugs – an Overview
The pharmacology of thyroid drugs encompasses a range of medications used to treat disorders of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland secretes two types of hormones: iodine-containing amino acids (thyroxine…
Pharmacology of Prostaglandin Analogues
Introduction Prostaglandin analogues are a class of drugs that bind to a prostaglandin receptor1. They have revolutionized the management of glaucoma, with their intraocular pressure (IOP) reducing efficacy combined with few…
Pharmacology of Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine is a first-generation antihistamine widely used for its efficacy in treating various allergic reactions, insomnia, and motion sickness. Mechanism of Action Diphenhydramine primarily functions by antagonizing the H1 (histamine…
Pharmacology of Levocetirizine
Introduction Levocetirizine is a second-generation antihistamine that is used to treat symptoms associated with chronic allergic rhinitis and uncomplicated cases of chronic idiopathic urticaria. It is the R enantiomer of cetirizine…
Pharmacology of Histamine and Antihistamines
Histamine, a pivotal mediator in various physiological and pathological processes, is synthesised from the amino acid L-histidine. This transformation is facilitated by the enzyme histidine decarboxylase. Histamine's diverse roles in…
Histamine and Antihistamines
Introduction Histamine stands as a fundamental mediator in allergic reactions, inflammatory processes, and various physiological functions such as gastric acid secretion and neurotransmission. Endogenously, it is produced and stored predominantly…
Pharmacology of Autacoids
Introduction Autacoids (from the Greek “autos,” meaning self, and “acos,” meaning remedy) are locally acting biological factors that exert diverse physiological and pathophysiological effects. Unlike classical hormones, which are synthesized in specific…
Pharmacology of Adrenaline
Adrenaline, also referred to by its international nonproprietary name epinephrine, is a naturally occurring catecholamine released primarily by the adrenal medulla. As one of the most crucial hormones in the human…
