Diabetes Mellitus: Pharmacology of Antidiabetic Agents
1. Introduction to Diabetes Mellitus and Glycemic Control 1.1. Overview of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is not a single entity but a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders characterised by…
Steady-State Concentration: Principles, Calculations, and Clinical Application
Steady state is a cornerstone concept in clinical pharmacokinetics. It connects dose, dosing interval, and patient-specific clearance to the drug concentrations that drive therapeutic and adverse effects. Yet, “steady state”…
Drug receptor classes
There are four classes of drug receptors, G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, enzyme-linked receptors (receptor tyrosine kinases and cytokine receptors), and intracellular nuclear receptors, each of which transmits its…
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs in India: A Comprehensive Overview
Main Takeaway: India lacks a unified regulatory framework for OTC drugs, creating a complex landscape where medications not listed as prescription-only are sold over-the-counter. With 62.3% of urban populations practicing…
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs: A Comprehensive Overview
Main Takeaway: Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are non-prescription medications available directly to consumers for self-treatment of common ailments. With over 800 active ingredients comprising more than 100,000 products, OTC medications provide…
The Concept of P-Drugs in Rational Prescribing
Main Takeaway: A P-drug is a prescriber’s personal choice of first-line medicine for a specific indication, selected through a systematic and evidence-based process. Developing and maintaining a personal formulary of…
Pharmacology of Antiviral Drugs
Introduction Antiviral pharmacology has advanced from the single-agent era of idoxuridine to a modern arsenal including polymerase terminators, protease blockers, monoclonal antibodies, and host-directed entry inhibitors. Because viruses are obligate intracellular…
Pharmacotherapy of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a complex autoimmune disorder requiring comprehensive pharmacological management throughout the patient's lifetime. Since the discovery of insulin over a century ago, numerous advancements…
Broad spectrum antibiotics – Tetracyclines and Chloramphenicol
Introduction Broad-spectrum antibiotics stand at the forefront of infectious disease management, enabling healthcare professionals to effectively target a wide variety of bacterial pathogens without waiting for definitive culture results. Within…
A review on drug resistant mycoplasma pneumonia
Introduction Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a unique bacterial pathogen that causes a spectrum of respiratory infections, ranging from mild tracheobronchitis to severe pneumonia . Unlike many typical bacteria, it lacks a…
