Endocrine

Pharmacology of Insulin

Introduction Discovered almost a century ago, insulin remains a cornerstone of therapy for diabetes mellitus—a global health challenge characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin…

Pharmacology of Androgens: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction Androgens—the primary being testosterone and its potent intracellular metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT)—drive the development and maintenance of male phenotype, regulate protein anabolism, affect…

Pharmacology of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists

Introduction Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists have redefined several aspects of endocrine and reproductive medicine by offering a more direct and immediate…