Pharmacology of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

I. Introduction and Class Overview Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) are a class of drugs that reversibly inhibit the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, thereby interfering with HCO₃⁻ (bicarbonate) reabsorption and decreasing hydrogen ion secretion in several tissues. Their major clinical uses are as diuretics, in the management of glaucoma, acute mountain sickness, certain epilepsies, and as adjuncts in treating alkalosis.​ Key drugs:

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Pharmacopoeias and Formularies

Pharmacopoeias and formularies are two types of drug compendia commonly used in the healthcare sector. Government-published official compendia that have legal status are Pharmacopoeias. They contain information on officially approved drugs in a country, including their chemical structure, molecular weight, physical and chemical characteristics, solubility, identification and assay methods, purity standards, storage conditions, and dosage forms. Examples of pharmacopoeias include

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Drug Selectivity, Safety, and Risk-Benefit Ratio

The pharmacological landscape is complex, and drugs often produce a range of effects, both therapeutic and adverse. Understanding these nuances is crucial for clinicians to make informed decisions. This article explores key concepts like dose-response curves (DRCs), therapeutic index, therapeutic window, and the risk-benefit ratio, which are essential for effective and safe drug therapy. Drug Selectivity and Dose-Response Curves (DRCs)

By Pharmacology Mentor
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Class 4 Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Verapamil and Diltiazem

Verapamil and diltiazem are non‑dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers classified as Class IV antiarrhythmics,

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Pharmacology: An Introduction

What is Pharmacology? Pharmacology is the branch of science concerned with the study

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What is Pharmacology? An introduction

1 · Definition & Conceptual Overview Pharmacology is the scientific discipline that

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Pharmacology of anticoagulants

Introduction Anticoagulants constitute an essential class of drugs used to inhibit blood coagulation,

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Drug Nomenclature or Naming System: A detailed overview

INTRODUCTION Drug nomenclature is a critical and highly specialized area within pharmaceutical

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Pharmacology of Osmotic Diuretics

Mechanism of Action: Osmotic diuretics work by increasing the osmolarity of the

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Pharmacology of H2 Receptor Antagonists

Histamine H2 receptor antagonists are competitive blockers of gastric parietal-cell H2 receptors

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Pharmacology of Linezolid

Linezolid is a synthetic oxazolidinone antibiotic indicated for serious Gram-positive bacterial infections,

By Pharmacology Mentor
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The Concept of P-Drugs in Rational Prescribing

Main Takeaway: A P-drug is a prescriber’s personal choice of first-line medicine for a specific indication, selected through a systematic and evidence-based process. Developing and maintaining a personal formulary of P-drugs streamlines decision-making, promotes rational therapeutics, and enhances patient safety. 1. Definition and Purpose of P-Drugs A P-drug (“personal drug”) is not merely the generic name of a medicine but encompasses: P-drugs serve as a clinician’s priority choices for given indications, reducing repetitive searches in daily practice and ensuring familiarity with each drug’s effects and side effects. 2. Relation to Essential Medicines and Guidelines 3. The Six-Step Process for Rational Prescribing The WHO Guide to Good Prescribing outlines a six-step model, with P-drug selection comprising Step 3: 4. Criteria for Selecting P-Drugs (The STEP Framework) When comparing drug options, apply the STEP criteria: Example: Selecting a P-Drug for Acute Amoebic Dysentery Among nitroimidazoles, tinidazole may be preferred over metronidazole due to similar efficacy and cost but greater suitability (shorter course, once- or twice-daily dosing). 5. Benefits of a P-Drug Formulary By systematically selecting and regularly reviewing P-drugs according to these principles, prescribers establish a robust foundation for safe, effective, and cost-conscious patient care.

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Pharmacotherapy of Cough

Introduction Cough is a protective reflex integral to clearing the airways of irritants, secretions, and foreign matter. Without a properly functioning cough mechanism, the risk of airway obstruction, infection, and subsequent respiratory complications increases significantly. Despite

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