Pharmacology of Insulin

Introduction Discovered almost a century ago, insulin remains a cornerstone of therapy for diabetes mellitus—a global health challenge characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and/or insufficient insulin secretion. Beyond diabetes, insulin also plays pivotal roles in metabolic research and critical care (e.g., hyperkalemia management). Fundamentally, insulin drives glucose uptake into muscle and adipose tissue, regulates hepatic glucose output, and influences fat and protein

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Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are cornerstone analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agents whose primary mechanism is inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes to reduce prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis. A complete pharmacology chapter should cover COX biology, detailed classification, pharmacokinetics/dynamics, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, drug interactions, special populations, and evidence-based risk mitigation strategies from standard pharmacology texts and regulatory advisories.​ What NSAIDs are

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Pharmacotherapy: The Drug Dosage and Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCs)

Introduction Are you looking to demystify the complex world of pharmacotherapy? Whether you're a healthcare provider, a patient, or someone interested in medical science, understanding the nuances of drug dosage and Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCs) is crucial. In this comprehensive guide, we'll delve into the ever-evolving science of pharmacotherapy, explore the intricacies of drug dosage, and shed light on the

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Understanding Cyclooxygenase (COX) Enzymes

Cyclooxygenase (COX), which is also called prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), is an enzyme

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Clindamycin: a lincosamide antibiotic

Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic widely used for its excellent activity against many

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Pharmacotherapy of Cough

Introduction Cough is a protective reflex integral to clearing the airways of irritants, secretions, and foreign

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Drug Nomenclature or Naming System: A detailed overview

INTRODUCTION Drug nomenclature is a critical and highly specialized area within pharmaceutical

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Pharmacology of Osmotic Diuretics

Mechanism of Action: Osmotic diuretics work by increasing the osmolarity of the

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Pharmacology of Antiarrhythmic Drugs

1. Introduction to Cardiac Electrophysiology Understanding antiarrhythmic drugs requires a foundational understanding

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Drug Compendia: An Overview

Drug compendia refer to comprehensive collections of information on drugs presented in

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Pharmacology of Insulin

Introduction Discovered almost a century ago, insulin remains a cornerstone of therapy for diabetes

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Cholinergic Antagonists: A Comprehensive Guide to Parasympatholytics and Antimuscarinic Agents

Introduction Cholinergic antagonists, also known as parasympatholytics or antimuscarinic agents, are a

By Pharmacology Mentor
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The Concept of P-Drugs in Rational Prescribing

Main Takeaway: A P-drug is a prescriber’s personal choice of first-line medicine for a specific indication, selected through a systematic and evidence-based process. Developing and maintaining a personal formulary of P-drugs streamlines decision-making, promotes rational therapeutics, and enhances patient safety. 1. Definition and Purpose of P-Drugs A P-drug (“personal drug”) is not merely the generic name of a medicine but encompasses: P-drugs serve as a clinician’s priority choices for given indications, reducing repetitive searches in daily practice and ensuring familiarity with each drug’s effects and side effects. 2. Relation to Essential Medicines and Guidelines 3. The Six-Step Process for Rational Prescribing The WHO Guide to Good Prescribing outlines a six-step model, with P-drug selection comprising Step 3: 4. Criteria for Selecting P-Drugs (The STEP Framework) When comparing drug options, apply the STEP criteria: Example: Selecting a P-Drug for Acute Amoebic Dysentery Among nitroimidazoles, tinidazole may be preferred over metronidazole due to similar efficacy and cost but greater suitability (shorter course, once- or twice-daily dosing). 5. Benefits of a P-Drug Formulary By systematically selecting and regularly reviewing P-drugs according to these principles, prescribers establish a robust foundation for safe, effective, and cost-conscious patient care.

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Hematinics and iron chelators

Hematinics are agents that supply essential substrates for erythropoiesis—principally iron, vitamin B12, and folate—while iron chelators remove excess iron from overload states; together, these drugs correct deficiency anemias and mitigate

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