Pharmacology of Prostaglandin Analogues

I. Introduction Prostaglandins are autacoids derived from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase pathway and modulate numerous physiological processes—vascular tone, inflammation, gastric cytoprotection, uterine contraction, and intraocular pressure. Prostaglandin analogues are synthetic structural or functional mimetics designed to replicate or enhance one or more actions of natural prostaglandins, often with improved pharmacokinetics and receptor selectivity. Their clinical applications span from glaucoma

By Dr. Ambadasu Bharatha

Pharmacology of Adrenaline

Adrenaline, also referred to by its international nonproprietary name epinephrine, is a naturally occurring catecholamine released primarily by the adrenal medulla. As one of the most crucial hormones in the human body’s “fight-or-flight” response, adrenaline orchestrates a range of physiological changes to prepare the body for stress or danger. In medicine, synthetic or pharmaceutical forms of adrenaline are used to treat

By Pharmacology Mentor

Oral Contraceptives: OCPs

Oral contraceptives (OCs) are hormone-containing medications taken to prevent pregnancy and for management of various gynecologic conditions. They are among the most widely used medicines globally, and have undergone major changes in formulation, pharmacokinetics, and safety since their introduction. Types of Oral Contraceptives TypeActive IngredientsExamplesClinical FeaturesCombined Oral Contraceptives (COCs)Estrogen (usually ethinylestradiol) + progestin (various generations)EE+levonorgestrel, EE+drospirenoneMost common; cycle control, wide

By Pharmacology Mentor
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Pharmacology of Alpha-Blockers

Introduction Alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists, commonly referred to as alpha-blockers, form a crucial element

By Pharmacology Mentor

Pharmacology of Benzodiazepines

Introduction Benzodiazepines are a cornerstone of modern pharmacotherapy for anxiety, insomnia, seizure disorders, muscle spasms, and

By Pharmacology Mentor

Unlock the Power of Mnemonics in Pharmacology

Discover the transformative role of mnemonics in pharmacology. Learn how these memory-enhancing

By anonymous

Pharmacology of Antiviral Drugs

Introduction Antiviral pharmacology has advanced from the single-agent era of idoxuridine to

By Pharmacology Mentor

Pharmacology of Rivaroxaban

Introduction Rivaroxaban is an oral direct Factor Xa inhibitor widely used for the prevention and

By Pharmacology Mentor

Alzheimer’s Disease and treatment

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by amyloid and tau

By Pharmacology Mentor

Pharmacotherapy of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

Introduction Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) encompasses the formation of ulcers in the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal

By Pharmacology Mentor

Pharmacology of Penicillins

Introduction Among the most historically significant and widely used classes of antibiotics, penicillins have

By Pharmacology Mentor
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Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs: A Comprehensive Overview

Main Takeaway: Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are non-prescription medications available directly to consumers for self-treatment of common ailments. With over 800 active ingredients comprising more than 100,000 products, OTC medications provide safe and effective treatment when used as directed, though they require careful attention to labeling and proper usage to avoid potential risks. 1. Definition and Regulation Over-the-counter drugs are medicines sold directly to consumers without requiring a prescription from a healthcare professional. Unlike prescription drugs that require medical supervision, OTC medications have been deemed safe and effective for public use when consumers can: In the United States, OTC drugs are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through two primary pathways: OTC Monograph System The majority of OTC products are marketed under the monograph system, established in the 1970s. Monographs serve as "recipe books" that specify: New Drug Application (NDA) Process Some OTC products that don't fit within existing monographs require individual FDA approval through the traditional NDA pathway. 2. Major OTC Drug Categories OTC medications are organized into numerous therapeutic categories: CategoryExamplesCommon Active IngredientsPain ReliefTylenol, Advil, MotrinAcetaminophen, Ibuprofen, NaproxenCold & CoughRobitussin, SudafedDextromethorphan, GuaifenesinAllergiesClaritin, Zyrtec, BenadrylLoratadine, Cetirizine, DiphenhydramineDigestive HealthPepto-Bismol, Tums, PrilosecBismuth subsalicylate, Calcium carbonate, OmeprazoleSkin CareHydrocortisone creamsHydrocortisone, Benzoyl peroxide Pain Relief Medications OTC pain relievers fall into two main categories: Acetaminophen (Tylenol) NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) 3. Safety Considerations and Drug Facts Labeling All OTC products must display a standardized "Drug Facts" label that includes: Key Safety Questions for Consumers Before using any OTC medication, consumers should consider: 4. Current Usage Patterns and Concerns Growing Prevalence OTC medication usage has dramatically increased: Common Misuse Patterns Research identifies several concerning trends: High-Risk Behaviors Particular concern exists regarding misuse of certain OTC drugs for recreational purposes: 5. Regulatory Updates and Future Directions CARES Act Reforms (2020) The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act modernized OTC drug regulation by replacing the slow rulemaking process with a more efficient administrative order system. OTC Monograph Drug User Fee Program (OMUFA) This FDA program expedites review processes while maintaining safety standards by imposing user fees on manufacturers, allowing FDA to allocate additional resources for timely assessments. 6. International Variations Regulatory approaches vary globally. For example: Over-the-counter medications represent a vital component of modern healthcare, providing accessible treatment for common ailments while requiring informed consumer decision-making and proper regulatory oversight to ensure public safety.

By Pharmacology Mentor

Antibiotic Stewardship: A Complete Overview for Healthcare Professionals

Antibiotic stewardship refers to coordinated interventions designed to improve and measure the appropriate use of antibiotics by promoting the selection of the optimal antibiotic regimen including dosing, duration, and route

By Pharmacology Mentor