Spasmolytics, also known as antispasmodics, are a class of drugs used to suppress muscle spasms or to decrease the tone of smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract, the biliary tract, or the urinary tract. These drugs are commonly used to treat conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), spastic colon, and other disorders involving smooth muscle spasms. Mechanism of Action The…
Antiplatelet drugs inhibit platelet activation and aggregation, thereby reducing the risk of arterial thrombus formation—a critical strategy in preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases like myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Classification & Mechanisms of Action Class & ExamplesMechanismKey IndicationsCOX-1 InhibitorsAspirinIrreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), blocking thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthesis and platelet aggregationACS, stroke, PAD, primary/secondary preventionADP Receptor (P2Y12) BlockersClopidogrel, prasugrel,…
Introduction Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the human body and plays a critical role in numerous physiological processes. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is an inorganic salt that has been used medicinally for over a century to treat a variety of conditions. This chapter will provide an overview of the pharmacology of magnesium sulfate, including its mechanism of action,…
Pharmacopoeias and formularies are two types of drug compendia commonly used in…
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Understanding NSAIDs: What are they? Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, commonly known as NSAIDs,…
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Main Takeaway: A P-drug is a prescriber’s personal choice of first-line medicine for a specific indication, selected through a systematic and evidence-based process. Developing and maintaining a personal formulary of P-drugs streamlines decision-making, promotes rational therapeutics, and enhances patient safety. 1. Definition and Purpose of P-Drugs A P-drug (“personal drug”) is not merely the generic name of a medicine but encompasses: P-drugs serve as a clinician’s priority choices for given indications, reducing repetitive searches in daily practice and ensuring familiarity with each drug’s effects and side effects. 2. Relation to Essential Medicines and Guidelines 3. The Six-Step Process for Rational Prescribing The WHO Guide to Good Prescribing outlines a six-step model, with P-drug selection comprising Step 3: 4. Criteria for Selecting P-Drugs (The STEP Framework) When comparing drug options, apply the STEP criteria: Example: Selecting a P-Drug for Acute Amoebic Dysentery Among nitroimidazoles, tinidazole may be preferred over metronidazole due to similar efficacy and cost but greater suitability (shorter course, once- or twice-daily dosing). 5. Benefits of a P-Drug Formulary By systematically selecting and regularly reviewing P-drugs according to these principles, prescribers establish a robust foundation for safe, effective, and cost-conscious patient care.
Introduction to Oral Anticoagulant Drugs What are Oral Anticoagulant Drugs? Oral anticoagulant drugs are a class of medication that help prevent blood clot formation. They work by interfering with the…
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