The Vomiting Centre and the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CTZ)

1 · Introduction Vomiting (emesis) is an evolutionarily conserved defence reflex that forcefully expels gastric—and at times intestinal—contents through the mouth.…

Helicobacter pylori Infection and Treatment

Introduction Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral-shaped, gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human stomach and duodenum. First identified in the…

Pharmacology of H2 Receptor Antagonists

Introduction H2 receptor antagonists, also known as H2 blockers, are a class of medications that are commonly used to reduce…