Introduction to SAR The field of medicinal chemistry is replete with examples of how subtle changes in the molecular structure of a compound can have profound effects on its biological activity. This concept, known as the structure-activity relationship (SAR), is a fundamental principle in drug discovery and development. In this article, we will delve into … Read more
1. Introduction and Scope Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is a coordinated set of interventions aimed at optimizing the use of antimicrobial agentsโincluding antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasiticsโto ensure optimal clinical outcomes, minimize toxicity, reduce the development of resistance, and limit unnecessary costs. AMS operates at the intersection of microbiology, infectious diseases, pharmacology, epidemiology, and public health.โ 2. … Read more
In the realm of pharmacology, the last century has witnessed a significant evolution in scientific research. This evolution has been driven by meticulously designed studies and continuous technological advancements that have enabled the measurement and analysis of biological samples and subjects. As a result, our understanding of biological systems has expanded exponentially. The term ‘in … Read more
Introduction to Congestive Cardiac Failure Congestive cardiac failure, also known as congestive heart failure (CHF), is a complex clinical syndrome that impairs the pumping capacity of the heart. It can be caused by various heart conditions, leading to symptoms like shortness of breath, persistent coughing, swelling in the legs, ankles and feet, and rapid weight … Read more
Introduction to Dyslipidemias Drugs used for dyslipidemias or Antihyperlipidemic drugs play a critical role in managing lipid disorders, which are significant risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease (CHD). Over 650,000 people die of CHD in the US alone every year, and a 1% reduction in serum cholesterol has been associated with … Read more
Antimalarial drugs are a class of medications specifically designed to prevent and treat malaria, a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes.
This summary covers the major classes, mechanisms, indications, and clinical guidance for drug management of glaucoma, as established in standard pharmacology texts and clinical guidelines.Drugs used for the treatment of Glaucoma are classified based on their mechanism of reducing intraocular pressure (IOP), the only proven strategy to delay glaucoma progression. The main classes and drug examples … Read more
Herbal and natural supplements comprise a broad range of dietary products used alongside or instead of conventional medicines, but their evidence base, quality, and safety profiles vary widely, requiring structured evaluation for efficacy, interactions, adulteration, and organ toxicity before use. Unlike prescription drugs, most supplements are not reviewed for safety or effectiveness before marketing in … Read more
Antihypertensive agents form a diverse class of drugs that reduce elevated blood pressure and thereby diminish the risk of major cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, such as stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. Their rational use requires understanding pathophysiology, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and dynamics, clinical indications, adverse events, and individualized selection based … Read more
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms. It encompasses various terms and concepts related to drug action, classification, and administration. Here are some common definitions and terms used in pharmacology: Drug: A chemical substance that interacts with the body to produce a physiological effect, either for therapeutic purposes, diagnostic purposes, … Read more