Introduction “Alcohol” in pharmacology typically refers to ethanol, the psychoactive ingredient of alcoholic beverages, but also includes toxic congeners—methanol, ethylene glycol, isopropanol. All share the –OH functional group yet differ…
Introduction The thyroid gland plays a pivotal role in metabolic homeostasis, influencing functions such as energy expenditure, heat generation, and macronutrient metabolism. Dysregulation of thyroid hormone production can lead to…
Introduction Oral contraceptive drugs, employed primarily for preventing unwanted pregnancies, embody a range of formulations with distinct pharmacological profiles to cater to individual needs. Here's a comprehensive overview of their…
Antiplatelet Drugs Antiplatelet drugs are a class of medications that prevent blood clots from forming. They work by stopping your platelets from sticking together. Antiplatelet drugs are used to avoid blood clots,…
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are cornerstone analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agents whose primary mechanism is inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes to reduce prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis. A complete pharmacology chapter…
Hematinics are agents that supply essential substrates for erythropoiesis—principally iron, vitamin B12, and folate—while iron chelators remove excess iron from overload states; together, these drugs correct deficiency anemias and mitigate…
Introduction Opioid analgesics comprise a diverse class of drugs used primarily for pain management. Derived from natural sources such as the opium poppy or synthesized in laboratories, these agents have…
Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are first‑line oral agents for erectile dysfunction that augment the endogenous nitric oxide–cGMP pathway in the corpus cavernosum to facilitate erection with sexual stimulation, and…