1. Introduction/Overview Celecoxib represents a significant development in the therapeutic modulation of inflammation and pain. As the first selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor approved for clinical use, it occupies a distinct position within the broader class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The introduction of celecoxib was predicated on the hypothesis that selective inhibition of the inducible … Read more
Introduction/Overview Celecoxib represents a significant development in the therapeutic modulation of inflammation and pain. As the first selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor approved for clinical use, it occupies a distinct position within the broader class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The introduction of celecoxib was predicated on the hypothesis that selective inhibition of the inducible COX-2 … Read more
1. Introduction/Overview Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the phenylacetic acid derivative class, which has occupied a central position in the therapeutic management of pain and inflammation for several decades. First synthesized in the 1970s and subsequently introduced into clinical practice, it has become one of the most extensively prescribed NSAIDs worldwide. Its … Read more
1. Introduction/Overview Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the phenylacetic acid derivative class, which has occupied a central position in the therapeutic management of pain and inflammation for several decades. First synthesized in the 1970s and subsequently introduced into clinical practice, it has become one of the most widely prescribed NSAIDs globally. Its … Read more
1. Introduction/Overview Ibuprofen, a prototypical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), represents one of the most widely utilized therapeutic agents globally. Its introduction in the 1960s marked a significant advancement in the management of pain, inflammation, and fever, offering an alternative to aspirin with a purportedly improved gastrointestinal tolerability profile. As a non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX) … Read more
1. Introduction/Overview Paracetamol, known as acetaminophen in North America and Japan, represents one of the most widely utilized analgesic and antipyretic agents in global medical practice. Its introduction into clinical use in the 1950s marked a significant advancement in the management of pain and fever, offering an alternative to aspirin with a distinct adverse effect … Read more
1. Introduction/Overview Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), represents one of the most historically significant and widely utilized pharmaceutical agents in medical practice. Its development from the natural salicylates found in willow bark to a synthetically produced acetylated derivative marked a pivotal advancement in therapeutics. The drug’s unique pharmacological profile, characterized by its irreversible inhibition of … Read more
Introduction/Overview Tubocurarine represents a foundational agent in the history of pharmacology and anesthesiology. As the principal active alkaloid isolated from the South American plant Chondrodendron tomentosum, used historically as arrow poison (curare), its introduction into clinical practice revolutionized surgical anesthesia by facilitating profound skeletal muscle relaxation. The elucidation of its mechanism of action provided critical … Read more
Introduction/Overview Succinylcholine is a short‑acting depolarizing neuromuscular blocker that has been a cornerstone of modern anesthetic practice for over half a century. Its rapid onset and brief duration of action render it uniquely suited for facilitating tracheal intubation, providing skeletal muscle relaxation during short surgical procedures, and enabling controlled ventilation in critical care settings. The … Read more
Introduction / Overview Atenolol is a selective β1-adrenergic receptor antagonist widely employed in the management of cardiovascular disorders. The drug’s prominence in clinical practice stems from its relatively favorable safety profile, particularly in patients with concomitant respiratory disease, compared to non‑selective β‑blockers. The clinical relevance of atenolol is underscored by its continued inclusion in first‑line … Read more