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Pharmacology Mentor > PHAL6013 practice quiz -2

PHAL6013 practice quiz -2

Last updated: 2024/10/21 at 5:39 AM

Pharmacology Mentor 1 View

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Welcome to your PHAL6013 practice quiz -2

In a study comparing two treatments, what is the minimum number of subjects required in each group to detect a clinically meaningful difference with 80% power and a significance level of 0.05?

It depends on the effect size and variability of the outcome measure

128

None

In the context of hypothesis testing, what is a false positive?

Type I error

Correct acceptance of the null hypothesis

Type II error

Correct rejection of the null hypothesis

Inconclusive test result

None

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the probability of committing a Type II error?

Effect size

Significance level (alpha)

Sample size

Variability of the data

One-tailed vs. two-tailed test

None

What is a Type I error?

Failing to reject a false null hypothesis

Failing to reject a true null hypothesis

Rejecting a true null hypothesis

Accepting a true alternative hypothesis

Rejecting a false null hypothesis

None

Which of the following is an example of a situation where a larger sample size may be required in an animal study?

When the variability of the outcome measure is low

When the cost of the animals is low

When the study will be completed quickly

When the expected effect size is large

When multiple comparisons will be made between treatment groups

None

What is the relationship between Type I and Type II errors?

Increasing the sample size reduces the risk of both types of errors

They are independent and do not affect each other

They are equally likely to occur in any given study

Decreasing the risk of one type of error increases the risk of the other

They are mutually exclusive and cannot occur simultaneously

None

In hypothesis testing, what does a Type II error represent?

a) Rejecting a true null hypothesis

b) Failing to reject a false null hypothesis

d) Failing to reject a true null hypothesis

e) Accepting a true alternative hypothesis

c) Rejecting a false null hypothesis

None

What is the purpose of conducting a sample size calculation before beginning a study?

d) To guarantee statistically significant results

b) To ensure the study has sufficient statistical power to detect an effect

c) To minimize the cost and resources required for the study

a) To determine the maximum number of subjects that can be recruited

e) To eliminate the need for a control group

None

Which of the following is an example of a Type II error?

Concluding a drug has no effect when it is actually effective

Concluding a drug is effective when it actually has no effect

Concluding a defendant is innocent when they are actually guilty

Concluding a defendant is guilty when they are actually innocent

Concluding there is a significant difference between groups when there is none

None

Which of the following is NOT a common method for determining sample size in human studies?

Relying on the sample size of previously published studies in the field

Conducting a pilot study to estimate variability and effect size

Choosing a sample size based on the available budget and resources

Consulting with a statistician or using specialized software

Using published tables or formulas specific to the study design

None

Which of the following is true about sample size calculations for human studies compared to animal studies?

Animal studies always require larger sample sizes than human studies

Sample size calculations for human and animal studies use the same formulas

Human studies must account for potential dropout rates, while animal studies do not

Animal studies must account for potential attrition rates, while human studies do not

Human studies always require larger sample sizes than animal studies

None

What is the main difference between one-tailed and two-tailed hypothesis tests?

One-tailed tests have higher statistical power than two-tailed tests

One-tailed tests are used when the direction of the effect is known, while two-tailed tests are used when the direction is unknown

Two-tailed tests have higher statistical power than one-tailed tests

One-tailed tests are always more appropriate than two-tailed tests

Two-tailed tests are used when the direction of the effect is known, while one-tailed tests are used when the direction is unknown

None

Which of the following factors is NOT typically considered when calculating sample size for an animal study?

e) The power of the study

d) The cost of purchasing and housing the animals

b) The variability of the outcome measure

c) The significance level (alpha)

a) The desired effect size

None

What is the purpose of interim sample size re-estimation in clinical trials?

To modify the eligibility criteria for recruiting subjects

To change the primary outcome measure of the study

To account for unexpected dropout rates or protocol deviations

To adjust the sample size based on observed treatment effects

To stop the trial early if there is a clear benefit or harm

None

What is the relationship between sample size and statistical power?

The relationship between sample size and power depends on the study design

Sample size and statistical power are not related

The relationship between sample size and power depends on the effect size

As sample size increases, statistical power increases

As sample size increases, statistical power decreases

None

Time's up

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always seek the advice of a healthcare provider with any questions regarding a medical condition.

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