Category: Pharmacology
Pharmacology of Diphenhydramine
Introduction Diphenhydramine is a prototypical first-generation antihistamine with a long history of clinical use for allergic reactions, insomnia, motion sickness, and a variety of off-label applications....
Pharmacology of Levocetirizine
Introduction Levocetirizine is a second-generation antihistamine, serving as the pharmacologically active R-enantiomer of cetirizine. Commonly prescribed for chronic allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria, levocetirizine...
Pharmacology of Histamine and Antihistamines
Overview Histamine is a ubiquitous biogenic amine that influences vascular tone and permeability, sensory nerve activity (especially itch), airway smooth muscle, gastric acid secretion, and...
Histamine and Antihistamines
Introduction Histamine stands as a fundamental mediator in allergic reactions, inflammatory processes, and various physiological functions such as gastric acid secretion and neurotransmission. Endogenously, it...
Pharmacology of Autacoids
Introduction Autacoids (from the Greek “autos,” meaning self, and “acos,” meaning remedy) are locally acting biological factors that exert diverse physiological and pathophysiological effects. Unlike classical hormones,...
Pharmacology of Adrenaline
Adrenaline, also referred to by its international nonproprietary name epinephrine, is a naturally occurring catecholamine released primarily by the adrenal medulla. As one of the most...
Pharmacology of Succinylcholine
Succinylcholine, also known by its alternative name suxamethonium, is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent that has been widely used in anesthesia practice for decades. Its rapid...
Pharmacology of Vecuronium
Vecuronium is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent utilized for muscle relaxation during surgical procedures or as an adjunct in general anesthesia. Here’s a detailed breakdown...
Pharmacology of Lidocaine
Introduction Lidocaine is one of the most commonly used local anesthetics and antiarrhythmic agents in clinical medicine. Since its first introduction in the 1940s, lidocaine has revolutionized minor surgical procedures,...
Pharmacology of Levodopa (L-Dopa) and Carbidopa: the combination
Levodopa (L-Dopa) and Carbidopa are used in combination to manage the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia....