Category: GI
The Pharmacology of Emetics and Antiemetics: A Comprehensive Neurobiological and Clinical Analysis
The pharmacological management of the emetic reflex represents one of the most significant intersections between neurological signal processing and clinical therapeutics. Emesis, defined as the...
Pharmacotherapy of Peptic Ulcer
Scope: Pathophysiology, Drug Classifications, Mechanisms of Action, Clinical Pharmacology, and Therapeutic Guidelines. I. Introduction and Pathophysiology Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory...
Pharmacotherapy of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Introduction Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) encompasses the formation of ulcers in the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer), primarily caused by gastric acid hypersecretion and/or compromised defense of the gastric and duodenal...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Introduction Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing-remitting inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that primarily includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC)....
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Introduction Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits in the absence of any identifiable...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
I. Introduction Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic disorder characterized by the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, which leads to troublesome symptoms, mucosal...
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) – A brief note
Introduction Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by sores or lesions in the lining of the stomach or duodenum. It is a...
Helicobacter pylori Infection and Treatment
Introduction Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral-shaped, gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human stomach and duodenum. First identified in the early 1980s, this organism quickly...
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES)
I. Definition, Historical Perspective & Epidemiology Zollinger–Ellison Syndrome (ZES) is a rare disorder characterized by gastrin-secreting tumors (“gastrinomas”) of the pancreas or duodenum. These tumors lead...
The Vomiting Centre and the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CTZ)
1 · Introduction Vomiting (emesis) is an evolutionarily conserved defence reflex that forcefully expels gastric—and at times intestinal—contents through the mouth. Although the motor act seems...