Antimicrobial

Pharmacology of Linezolid

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Linezolid

Linezolid is a synthetic oxazolidinone antibiotic indicated for serious Gram-positive bacterial infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. It is unique for its mechanism of action, broad tissue penetration, high oral bioavailability, and activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Chemical Structure and Properties Chemically, Linezolid is known … Read more

Pharmacology of Vancomycin

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Vancomycin

Introduction Vancomycin is a prominent glycopeptide antibiotic widely recognized for its efficacy in treating severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and certain Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) infections. Its critical role in modern medicine stems from an increasing need to address challenging and resistant microbial pathogens that threaten patient safety in … Read more

Pharmacology of Albendazole

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helminth: albendazole

Introduction Albendazole is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic widely used in both human and veterinary medicine. First introduced in the 1970s, it has since become an essential tool for managing a variety of parasitic infections, such as ascariasis, hydatid disease (echinococcosis), neurocysticercosis (pork tapeworm infections of the central nervous system), lymphatic filariasis, and other helminthic infections. Its … Read more

Pharmacology of Quinupristin-dalfopristin

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Quinupristin-dalfopristin

Introduction Quinupristin-dalfopristin is a parenteral antibiotic combination belonging to the streptogramin class. It arose as a potent therapeutic alternative for managing resistant Gram-positive bacterial infections, particularly those involving methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE). This drug combination, composed of two distinct streptogramin derivatives—quinupristin and dalfopristin—exerts synergistic bactericidal activity by targeting the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit, … Read more

Metronidazole: an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication

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Metronidazole

Introduction Metronidazole is a widely used antimicrobial agent recognized for its efficacy against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. Derived from nitroimidazole, metronidazole disrupts the DNA of target microorganisms, halting their replication. It was first introduced in the late 1950s as an antiprotozoal, but manufacturers soon discovered potent antibacterial activity as well. Today, metronidazole remains a mainstay treatment for infections caused by … Read more

Clindamycin: a lincosamide antibiotic

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Clindamycin

Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic widely used for its excellent activity against many Gram-positive cocci and anaerobes. It is valued for oral and parenteral versatility, tissue penetration (including bone), and its toxin-suppressing action in severe streptococcal and staphylococcal infections. Chemistry & Mechanism Clindamycin is a semi-synthetic chlorinated derivative of lincomycin. It binds to the 23S ribosomal … Read more

Pharmacology of Linezolid

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Linezolid

Introduction Among the modern arsenal of antibiotics, linezolid occupies a key position in the management of drug-resistant Gram-positive infections. Approved by the U.S. FDA in 2000, linezolid heralded the first-in-class oxazolidinone family of antibacterials, providing clinicians with a vital alternative to treat resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), and certain resistant strains of Streptococcus. Over the past … Read more

Pharmacology of Vancomycin

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Vancomycin

Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic principally used in the treatment of severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, particularly those resistant to beta-lactams such as MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), penicillin-resistant streptococci, and certain enterococci. Its unique action on bacterial cell wall synthesis makes it invaluable for life-threatening infections where other options are ineffective or inappropriate. #Vancomycin … Read more

Pharmacology of Co-trimoxazole

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Co-trimoxazole

Introduction Co-trimoxazole—a combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim—has been a cornerstone antibacterial agent for decades. The synergy between these two drugs proves highly effective against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. First introduced in the 1960s, co-trimoxazole quickly rose to prominence, offering a potent yet pragmatic solution for infections spanning the respiratory, urinary, and gastrointestinal tracts, among others (Goodman & Gilman, 2018). As antibiotic resistance … Read more

Pharmacology of Aminoglycoside antibiotics

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Aminoglycosides

INTRODUCTION Aminoglycoside antibiotics are a class of potent, broad-spectrum bactericidal agents that have played a critical role in the management of serious bacterial infections for decades. First derived from microbial sources in the mid-20th century, these compounds quickly became indispensable, especially for treating infections caused by aerobic Gram-negative bacteria. Despite the rise of newer antimicrobial … Read more