Inhalation Anesthetics
Introduction Inhalation anesthetics play a central role in modern anesthesia, enabling practitioners to…
Pharmacology of Lidocaine
Introduction Lidocaine is one of the most commonly used local anesthetics and antiarrhythmic agents in clinical medicine.…
Sodium Channel Blockers (SCBs)
Introduction Sodium (Na⁺) channels are integral membrane proteins responsible for the rapid…
What is Barbiturate toxicity, and how is it treated?
Introduction to Barbiturate Toxicity: Barbiturates, once hailed for their sedative and anticonvulsant…
Pharmacology of Barbiturates
Introduction Barbiturates are among the earliest classes of sedative-hypnotic drugs discovered and used…
Pharmacology of Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Introduction Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) revolutionized the treatment of depression and related affective…
Pharmacology of Paracetamol/Acetaminophen
Introduction Paracetamol—known as acetaminophen in some regions—is one of the most widely used analgesics…
Aspirin: A Comprehensive Pharmacological Overview
Aspirin, scientifically known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a cornerstone in the…
Understanding Cyclooxygenase (COX) Enzymes
Cyclooxygenase (COX), which is also called prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), is an enzyme…
Pharmacology of Benzodiazepines
Introduction Benzodiazepines are a cornerstone of modern pharmacotherapy for anxiety, insomnia, seizure disorders, muscle spasms, and…
