Metformin, a cornerstone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, is one of the most commonly prescribed oral antidiabetic agents worldwide. Originally discovered from a natural plant source known as Galega officinalis (French lilac or goatโs rue), metformin has a long history of clinical use. Its popularity is largely due to its robust efficacy … Read more
I. Introduction and Definition Diabetes mellitus defines a group of inherited and acquired metabolic disorders marked by hyperglycemia resulting from absolute (Type 1) or relative (Type 2) deficiencies in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Chronic hyperglycemia leads to multisystem complications impacting eyes, kidneys, nerves, cardiovascular and immune systems.โ II. Types and Epidemiology A. Major Types … Read more
Introduction Discovered almost a century ago, insulin remains a cornerstone of therapy for diabetes mellitusโa global health challenge characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and/or insufficient insulin secretion. Beyond diabetes, insulin also plays pivotal roles in metabolic research and critical care (e.g., hyperkalemia management). Fundamentally, insulin drives glucose uptake into muscle and adipose tissue, regulates hepatic glucose output, … Read more
Introduction The thyroid gland plays a pivotal role in metabolic homeostasis, influencing functions such as energy expenditure, heat generation, and macronutrient metabolism. Dysregulation of thyroid hormone production can lead to disorders ranging from hypothyroidism (metabolic slowing, lethargy) to hyperthyroidism (excess metabolism, heightened sympathetic drive), each of which has significant clinical repercussions. The availability of thyroid and antithyroid drugs has transformed the management of … Read more