Introduction Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has become a global health challenge, characterized by insulin resistance and a relative deficiency of insulin secretion, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia. Over time, poorly controlled T2DM can lead to complications affecting the cardiovascular system, kidneys, eyes, and nervous system. Effective pharmacotherapy for T2DM aims to enhance glycemic control, prevent disease progression, reduce … Read more
Introduction Among the oldest and most widely used agents for hyperthyroidism, thionamides (alternatively “thioureas”) remain essential in patient care. These medications include propylthiouracil (PTU), methimazole, and carbimazole, commonly referred to as antithyroid or thyroid-inhibiting drugs (Goodman & Gilman, 2018). Their core mechanism involves inhibiting the synthesis of thyroid hormones, thus reducing circulating levels of T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). Whether prescribed to stabilize newly diagnosed Graves’ disease, manage toxic nodular goiter, … Read more
Introduction Tamoxifen has emerged as a fundamental drug in oncology, revolutionizing breast cancer treatment and management. Esteemed for both its efficacy and versatility, it has been a mainstay in medical treatments for decades. Additionally, Tamoxifen has shown effectiveness in a range of other medical conditions, reflecting its broad pharmacological utility. What is Tamoxifen? Tamoxifen is a … Read more
Introduction Testosterone is a key hormone in the human body, primarily recognized for its role in male sexual development and secondary sexual characteristics. However, its pharmacological profile extends well beyond basic reproduction and development. Testosterone exerts significant influence on muscle mass, bone density, red blood cell production, and even certain aspects of behavior. Understanding its pharmacology is pivotal … Read more
Physiology of Thyroid Hormones Thyroid Hormone Synthesis The thyroid secretes T4 and T3, the synthesis of which depends on dietary iodine or iodide supplements.– Iodide ion is actively taken up by the thyroid, where it is converted to elemental iodine by thyroidal peroxidase.– The protein thyroglobulin acts as a scaffold for thyroid hormone synthesis, with … Read more
Introduction Linzagolix, brand named Yselty®, is a selective, orally administered, non-peptide small molecule gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonist developed by Kissei Pharmaceutical, aimed at treating uterine fibroids and endometriosis in women of reproductive age1. Here is an in-depth insight into Linzagolix’s pharmacology, along with some recent updates: Mechanism of Action Linzagolix operates by binding to … Read more
Introduction Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists have redefined several aspects of endocrine and reproductive medicine by offering a more direct and immediate means of suppressing the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis than earlier therapies. While GnRH agonists (e.g., leuprolide, goserelin) initially occupy receptor sites and trigger a transient surge of gonadotropins before downregulating them, GnRH antagonists bind competitively to pituitary GnRH receptors and … Read more
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists are synthetic peptide analogues of native GnRH engineered to resist enzymatic degradation and to produce sustained receptor activation that ultimately suppresses pituitary LH/FSH and downstream sex steroid synthesis after an initial flare; they are foundational in endocrine therapeutics for prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, central precocious puberty, ART protocols, and selected … Read more
Introduction and Chemical Nature Danazol is a synthetic isoxazole derivative of 17α-ethinyl testosterone. It was developed for its unique endocrine properties and mild androgenic activity, making it useful in various gynecological and hematological conditions. Structurally, its modifications confer the ability to suppress gonadotropin secretion and interact with multiple steroid receptors. Mechanism of Action Danazol exerts a … Read more
Introduction The thyroid gland plays a pivotal role in human physiology, modulating metabolism, growth, and development through the production and secretion of thyroid hormones. These hormones, primarily triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), influence virtually every tissue in the body, from skeletal muscle to neural tissue. Understanding thyroid physiology is paramount for grasping how the body maintains metabolic equilibrium, how it responds … Read more