Category: CVS
Antiarrhythmic drugs: Procainamide (Class 1A)
Procainamide is a Class IA antiarrhythmic that blocks fast INaINa channels and prolongs repolarization via its active metabolite N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA), making it useful for acute management of...
Pharmacology of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
I. Introduction and Class Overview Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) are a class of drugs that reversibly inhibit the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, thereby interfering with HCO₃⁻...
Pharmacology of Osmotic Diuretics
Mechanism of Action: Osmotic diuretics work by increasing the osmolarity of the filtrate in the renal tubules. The glomerulus filters them but does not reabsorb...
Pharmacology of Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
Potassium-sparing diuretics are a class of diuretic medications that increase diuresis (urine production) while conserving potassium, contrasting with thiazide and loop diuretics that promote potassium...
Pharmacology of Thiazide Diuretics
Thiazide diuretics are cornerstone antihypertensive and mild‑to‑moderate diuretic agents that inhibit the thiazide‑sensitive Na‑Cl cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule, lowering blood pressure and mobilizing...
Pharmacology of Loop Diuretics
Introduction Loop diuretics are a cornerstone of therapy in conditions where rapid and potent diuresis (urine output) is required. By inhibiting sodium and chloride reabsorption...
Diuretics and Antidiuretics: A Quick Reference Guide
Introduction Welcome to this all-encompassing guide to Diuretics and Antidiuretics. Whether you’re a healthcare professional, a student, or someone simply interested in pharmacology, this article...
Angina Pectoris: A Comprehensive Guide
Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. This article provides a detailed...
Treatment of Angina Pectoris: A Comprehensive Guide
Pharmacologic treatment of angina pectoris relies on antianginal agents that improve the myocardial oxygen supply–demand balance for symptom control and on adjunctive therapies tailored to...
Ischemic Heart Disease: Causes, signs and treatment options
1. Definition & Epidemiology Ischemic heart disease (IHD)—also called coronary artery disease (CAD)—is defined by impaired blood supply (ischemia) to the myocardium, usually due to narrowing...