Pharmacotherapy of Angina Pectoris
Introduction Angina pectoris, often referred to simply as angina, is chest pain…
Pharmacology of Propranolol
Introduction Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocker, has been a mainstay in the treatment…
Pharmacology of Amiodarone
Introduction Amiodarone is a potent and versatile class III antiarrhythmic agent, widely…
Pharmacology of Lidocaine
Introduction Lidocaine is one of the most commonly used local anesthetics and antiarrhythmic agents in clinical medicine.…
Class 4 Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Verapamil and Diltiazem
Verapamil Mechanism of Action Extracardiac Effects Toxicity Pharmacokinetics & Dosage Therapeutic Use…
Antiarrhythmic drugs: Beta-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs (Class 2)
Introduction Among the diverse categories of drugs used to manage cardiac arrhythmias, beta-adrenoceptor-blocking…
Antiarrhythmic drugs: Propafenone (Class 1C)
Overview Class: Class Ic antiarrhythmic (membrane-stabilizing Na+ channel blocker) with additional weak…
Antiarrhythmic drugs: Flecainide (Class 1C)
Introduction Flecainide is an antiarrhythmic agent classified under subgroup 1C. It is…
Antiarrhythmic drugs: Mexiletine (Class 1B)
Introduction Mexiletine is an orally active antiarrhythmic agent, classified in subgroup 1B,…
Antiarrhythmic drugs: Lidocaine (Class 1B)
Introduction Lidocaine is a multifaceted medication primarily known as a local anesthetic,…
