Category: CVS
Pharmacology of Clonidine
Introduction Clonidine is a centrally acting sympatholytic drug used mainly for its ability to reduce sympathetic outflow from the central nervous system. Pharmacologically, it is...
Pharmacology of Antianginal Drugs
Introduction/Overview Angina pectoris, characterized by transient chest discomfort due to myocardial ischemia, represents a cardinal manifestation of coronary artery disease. The underlying pathophysiology involves an...
Pharmacology of Antiarrhythmic Drugs
1. Introduction to Cardiac Electrophysiology Understanding antiarrhythmic drugs requires a foundational understanding of the cardiac action potential (AP) and the ion channels that govern it....
Pharmacology of Hypolipidemic Drugs
1. Introduction to Lipoproteins and Lipid Metabolism Hyperlipidemia (or dyslipidemia) is defined as an elevation in plasma lipids, including cholesterol, cholesterol esters, triglycerides (TGs), and...
Antiarrhythmics – A quick summary
I. Introduction and Electrophysiological Basis Cardiac arrhythmias are disorders of the heart rate or rhythm caused by abnormalities in electrical impulse formation or conduction. Antiarrhythmic...
Pharmacology of Antiarrhythmic Agents: A Comprehensive Overview
Introduction Cardiac arrhythmias—or disturbances in the normal electrical rhythm of the heart—represent a complex spectrum of disorders that can range from benign to life-threatening (Katzung,...
Pharmacotherapy of Angina Pectoris
Introduction Angina pectoris, often referred to simply as angina, is chest pain or discomfort that arises when the myocardial oxygen supply is insufficient to meet...
Pharmacology of Propranolol
Introduction Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocker, has been a mainstay in the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases. First synthesized in the 1960s, it revolutionized the management...
Pharmacology of Amiodarone
Introduction Amiodarone is a potent, pleiotropic antiarrhythmic agent classified as a Vaughan-Williams Class III drug, renowned for its efficacy in managing a wide spectrum of life-threatening...
Pharmacology of Lidocaine
Introduction Lidocaine is one of the most commonly used local anesthetics and antiarrhythmic agents in clinical medicine. Since its first introduction in the 1940s, lidocaine has revolutionized minor surgical procedures,...