Pharmacology of Antiarrhythmic Agents: A Comprehensive Overview
Introduction Cardiac arrhythmias—or disturbances in the normal electrical rhythm of the heart—represent…
Pharmacotherapy of Angina Pectoris
Introduction Angina pectoris, often referred to simply as angina, is chest pain…
Pharmacology of Propranolol
Introduction Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocker, has been a mainstay in the treatment…
Pharmacology of Amiodarone
Introduction Amiodarone is a potent and versatile class III antiarrhythmic agent, widely…
Pharmacology of Lidocaine
Introduction Lidocaine is one of the most commonly used local anesthetics and antiarrhythmic agents in clinical medicine.…
Class 4 Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Verapamil and Diltiazem
Verapamil Mechanism of Action Extracardiac Effects Toxicity Pharmacokinetics & Dosage Therapeutic Use…
Antiarrhythmic drugs: Class 3 – Amiodarone and others
Introduction Class 3 antiarrhythmic drugs are known for their ability to prolong…
Antiarrhythmic drugs: Propafenone (Class 1C)
Introduction Propafenone is an antiarrhythmic agent that falls under subgroup 1C. It…
Antiarrhythmic drugs: Mexiletine (Class 1B)
Introduction Mexiletine is an orally active antiarrhythmic agent, classified in subgroup 1B,…
Antiarrhythmic drugs: Disopyramide (Class 1A)
Introduction Disopyramide is a Class 1a antiarrhythmic agent, primarily used in the…
