Pharmacology of Autacoids
Introduction Autacoids (from the Greek “autos,” meaning self, and “acos,” meaning remedy) are locally acting biological factors that exert diverse physiological and pathophysiological effects. Unlike classical hormones, which are synthesized in specific…
Pharmacology of Adrenaline
Adrenaline, also referred to by its international nonproprietary name epinephrine, is a naturally occurring catecholamine released primarily by the adrenal medulla. As one of the most crucial hormones in the human…
Pharmacology of Succinylcholine
Succinylcholine, also known by its alternative name suxamethonium, is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent that has been widely used in anesthesia practice for decades. Its rapid onset and short duration of…
Pharmacology of Vecuronium
Vecuronium is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent utilized for muscle relaxation during surgical procedures or as an adjunct in general anesthesia. Here's a detailed breakdown of its pharmacology: Classification Mechanism…
Pharmacology of Lidocaine
Introduction Lidocaine is one of the most commonly used local anesthetics and antiarrhythmic agents in clinical medicine. Since its first introduction in the 1940s, lidocaine has revolutionized minor surgical procedures, regional anesthesia, and the treatment…
Pharmacology of Levodopa (L-Dopa) and Carbidopa: the combination
Levodopa (L-Dopa) and Carbidopa are used in combination to manage the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. The pharmacology of these drugs…
Pharmacology of Albendazole
Introduction Albendazole is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic widely used in both human and veterinary medicine. First introduced in the 1970s, it has since become an essential tool for managing a variety…
Pharmacolgy of Atropine: antimuscarinic agent
Introduction Atropine is a naturally occurring anticholinergic agent extracted from various plants of the Solanaceae family, most notably Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade). Renowned for blocking muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, atropine exerts…
Pharmacology of Pilocarpine: a muscarinic receptor agonist
Introduction Pilocarpine is a naturally occurring alkaloid primarily obtained from the leaves of the Pilocarpus genus, particularly Pilocarpus microphyllus and Pilocarpus jaborandi. Classified as a direct-acting cholinergic agonist, pilocarpine exerts…
Pharmacology of Anticholinergics: Atropine
Introduction Atropine—the prototypical naturally occurring belladonna alkaloid—has been used in medicine for well over a century. Extracted chiefly from Atropa belladonna (deadly night-shade), it remains indispensable in anesthesia, cardiology, ophthalmology, toxicology,…
