Pharmacology of Prostaglandin Analogues
Introduction Prostaglandin analogues are a class of drugs that bind to a prostaglandin receptor1. They have revolutionized the management of glaucoma, with their intraocular pressure (IOP) reducing efficacy combined with few…
Pharmacology of Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine is a first-generation antihistamine widely used for its efficacy in treating various allergic reactions, insomnia, and motion sickness. Mechanism of Action Diphenhydramine primarily functions by antagonizing the H1 (histamine…
Pharmacology of Levocetirizine
Introduction Levocetirizine is a second-generation antihistamine that is used to treat symptoms associated with chronic allergic rhinitis and uncomplicated cases of chronic idiopathic urticaria. It is the R enantiomer of cetirizine…
Pharmacology of Histamine and Antihistamines
Histamine, a pivotal mediator in various physiological and pathological processes, is synthesised from the amino acid L-histidine. This transformation is facilitated by the enzyme histidine decarboxylase. Histamine's diverse roles in…
Histamine and Antihistamines
Introduction Histamine stands as a fundamental mediator in allergic reactions, inflammatory processes, and various physiological functions such as gastric acid secretion and neurotransmission. Endogenously, it is produced and stored predominantly…
Pharmacology of Autacoids
Introduction Autacoids (from the Greek “autos,” meaning self, and “acos,” meaning remedy) are locally acting biological factors that exert diverse physiological and pathophysiological effects. Unlike classical hormones, which are synthesized in specific…
Pharmacology of Adrenaline
Adrenaline, also referred to by its international nonproprietary name epinephrine, is a naturally occurring catecholamine released primarily by the adrenal medulla. As one of the most crucial hormones in the human…
Pharmacology of Succinylcholine
Succinylcholine, also known by its alternative name suxamethonium, is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent that has been widely used in anesthesia practice for decades. Its rapid onset and short duration of…
Pharmacology of Vecuronium
Vecuronium is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent utilized for muscle relaxation during surgical procedures or as an adjunct in general anesthesia. Here's a detailed breakdown of its pharmacology: Classification Mechanism…
Pharmacology of Lidocaine
Introduction Lidocaine is one of the most commonly used local anesthetics and antiarrhythmic agents in clinical medicine. Since its first introduction in the 1940s, lidocaine has revolutionized minor surgical procedures, regional anesthesia, and the treatment…
