Posted inCVS Pharmacology
Antiarrhythmic drugs: Lidocaine (Class 1B)
If you trained in a time when every crash cart seemed to include “lido,” you remember lidocaine as the go-to antidote for ugly ventricular ectopy. Today, it has a more…
Posted inGeneral Pharmacology
Adverse Drug Reactions: On-target and Off-target aspect
Introduction Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) remain a formidable challenge in clinical pharmacology and patient care. They can significantly diminish quality of life, induce severe morbidity and mortality, extend hospital stays,…
Posted inClinical Pharmacology Pharmacology
Preclinical Trials: Things You Need to Know
Introduction: The Gatekeepers of Drug Development Preclinical trials are the cornerstone of medical research and development. They serve as the critical "gatekeeper" stage in the long journey of bringing a…
Posted inCVS Pharmacology
Pharmacology of Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
Potassium-sparing diuretics are a class of diuretic medications that increase diuresis (urine production) while conserving potassium, contrasting with thiazide and loop diuretics that promote potassium loss. They are used primarily…
Posted inCVS Pharmacology
Pharmacology of Loop Diuretics
Introduction Loop diuretics are a cornerstone of therapy in conditions where rapid and potent diuresis (urine output) is required. By inhibiting sodium and chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending limb…
Posted inEndocrine Pharmacology
Pharmacology of Insulin
Introduction Discovered almost a century ago, insulin remains a cornerstone of therapy for diabetes mellitus—a global health challenge characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and/or insufficient insulin secretion. Beyond diabetes, insulin also plays…
Posted inPharmacology
The Comprehensive Guide to Anticancer Drugs: What You Need to Know
Introduction to Anticancer Drugs: Anticancer drugs are medications that inhibit the development and spread of cancerous cells. They achieve this by interfering with the DNA and RNA that cause cell…
Posted inANS Pharmacology
Pharmacology of Alpha-Blockers
Introduction Alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists, commonly referred to as alpha-blockers, form a crucial element in the pharmacologic management of several cardiovascular and genitourinary conditions. By blocking alpha-1 and/or alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, these agents…
Posted inANS Pharmacology
Pharmacology of Alpha Agonists
Introduction to Alpha Agonists: Alpha agonists are a class of drugs that primarily act on alpha-adrenergic receptors. These receptors are part of the sympathetic nervous system and respond to the…
Posted inANS Pharmacology
Sympathomimetics: Beta-Agonists
Introduction to Beta-Agonists: Beta-agonists are medications that stimulate beta receptors in the body. These receptors are found in various tissues, including the lungs, heart, and blood vessels. Due to their…