1 · Introduction Vomiting (emesis) is an evolutionarily conserved defence reflex that forcefully expels gastric—and at times intestinal—contents through the mouth. Although the motor act seems singular, it is orchestrated by a distributed brain-stem network that integrates sensory danger signals from the gut, the bloodstream, the vestibular system and higher cortical areas. Two functional loci dominate … Read more
Introduction Nausea and vomiting are protective reflexes designed to prevent the ingestion or continued digestion of harmful toxins. However, when severe, they can significantly deteriorate patient comfort, compromise treatment adherence, and lead to complications such as electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, and undernutrition. Antiemetic drugs play a critical role across various clinical contexts—perioperative care, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, infectious gastroenteritis, … Read more
Introduction Parasympatholytics, also known as anticholinergics, are a class of drugs that inhibit the actions of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine on parasympathetic nerve endings. These drugs can be classified based on their mode of action and target sites. This article will delve into the classification of parasympatholytics, individual drug pharmacological actions, clinical uses, adverse effects, atropine … Read more