PHAL6013 practice quiz -2 Last updated: 2024/10/21 at 5:39 AM Pharmacology Mentor 3 Views Share 0 Min Read SHARE Welcome to your PHAL6013 practice quiz -2 Which of the following is an example of a Type II error? Concluding there is a significant difference between groups when there is none Concluding a defendant is guilty when they are actually innocent Concluding a drug is effective when it actually has no effect Concluding a defendant is innocent when they are actually guilty Concluding a drug has no effect when it is actually effective None In a study comparing two treatments, what is the minimum number of subjects required in each group to detect a clinically meaningful difference with 80% power and a significance level of 0.05? 64 16 It depends on the effect size and variability of the outcome measure 32 128 None What is the main difference between one-tailed and two-tailed hypothesis tests? Two-tailed tests are used when the direction of the effect is known, while one-tailed tests are used when the direction is unknown One-tailed tests are always more appropriate than two-tailed tests One-tailed tests have higher statistical power than two-tailed tests One-tailed tests are used when the direction of the effect is known, while two-tailed tests are used when the direction is unknown Two-tailed tests have higher statistical power than one-tailed tests None What is the relationship between Type I and Type II errors? They are mutually exclusive and cannot occur simultaneously They are independent and do not affect each other They are equally likely to occur in any given study Increasing the sample size reduces the risk of both types of errors Decreasing the risk of one type of error increases the risk of the other None In hypothesis testing, what does a Type II error represent? a) Rejecting a true null hypothesis c) Rejecting a false null hypothesis b) Failing to reject a false null hypothesis e) Accepting a true alternative hypothesis d) Failing to reject a true null hypothesis None What is the purpose of interim sample size re-estimation in clinical trials? To adjust the sample size based on observed treatment effects To stop the trial early if there is a clear benefit or harm To account for unexpected dropout rates or protocol deviations To modify the eligibility criteria for recruiting subjects To change the primary outcome measure of the study None What is a Type I error? Failing to reject a false null hypothesis Rejecting a true null hypothesis Rejecting a false null hypothesis Accepting a true alternative hypothesis Failing to reject a true null hypothesis None Which of the following is an example of a situation where a larger sample size may be required in an animal study? When the study will be completed quickly When the variability of the outcome measure is low When the cost of the animals is low When multiple comparisons will be made between treatment groups When the expected effect size is large None What is the relationship between sample size and statistical power? The relationship between sample size and power depends on the study design Sample size and statistical power are not related As sample size increases, statistical power increases As sample size increases, statistical power decreases The relationship between sample size and power depends on the effect size None What is the purpose of conducting a sample size calculation before beginning a study? c) To minimize the cost and resources required for the study e) To eliminate the need for a control group a) To determine the maximum number of subjects that can be recruited b) To ensure the study has sufficient statistical power to detect an effect d) To guarantee statistically significant results None In the context of hypothesis testing, what is a false positive? Correct acceptance of the null hypothesis Inconclusive test result Type II error Correct rejection of the null hypothesis Type I error None Which of the following factors is NOT typically considered when calculating sample size for an animal study? a) The desired effect size d) The cost of purchasing and housing the animals b) The variability of the outcome measure e) The power of the study c) The significance level (alpha) None Which of the following is NOT a common method for determining sample size in human studies? Consulting with a statistician or using specialized software Relying on the sample size of previously published studies in the field Using published tables or formulas specific to the study design Conducting a pilot study to estimate variability and effect size Choosing a sample size based on the available budget and resources None Which of the following is true about sample size calculations for human studies compared to animal studies? Sample size calculations for human and animal studies use the same formulas Animal studies must account for potential attrition rates, while human studies do not Animal studies always require larger sample sizes than human studies Human studies must account for potential dropout rates, while animal studies do not Human studies always require larger sample sizes than animal studies None Which of the following factors does NOT influence the probability of committing a Type II error? Effect size Significance level (alpha) Variability of the data Sample size One-tailed vs. two-tailed test None Time's upTime is Up! Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always seek the advice of a healthcare provider with any questions regarding a medical condition. 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