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Pharmacology Mentor > PHAL6013 practice quiz -2

PHAL6013 practice quiz -2

Last updated: 2024/10/21 at 5:39 AM

Pharmacology Mentor 3 Views

0 Min Read

Welcome to your PHAL6013 practice quiz -2

In hypothesis testing, what does a Type II error represent?

d) Failing to reject a true null hypothesis

e) Accepting a true alternative hypothesis

b) Failing to reject a false null hypothesis

a) Rejecting a true null hypothesis

c) Rejecting a false null hypothesis

None

Which of the following is an example of a Type II error?

Concluding there is a significant difference between groups when there is none

Concluding a defendant is guilty when they are actually innocent

Concluding a defendant is innocent when they are actually guilty

Concluding a drug has no effect when it is actually effective

Concluding a drug is effective when it actually has no effect

None

In the context of hypothesis testing, what is a false positive?

Type I error

Correct rejection of the null hypothesis

Inconclusive test result

Correct acceptance of the null hypothesis

Type II error

None

In a study comparing two treatments, what is the minimum number of subjects required in each group to detect a clinically meaningful difference with 80% power and a significance level of 0.05?

It depends on the effect size and variability of the outcome measure

128

None

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the probability of committing a Type II error?

One-tailed vs. two-tailed test

Sample size

Effect size

Significance level (alpha)

Variability of the data

None

Which of the following is true about sample size calculations for human studies compared to animal studies?

Sample size calculations for human and animal studies use the same formulas

Human studies must account for potential dropout rates, while animal studies do not

Human studies always require larger sample sizes than animal studies

Animal studies must account for potential attrition rates, while human studies do not

Animal studies always require larger sample sizes than human studies

None

What is the relationship between Type I and Type II errors?

They are independent and do not affect each other

They are equally likely to occur in any given study

Decreasing the risk of one type of error increases the risk of the other

Increasing the sample size reduces the risk of both types of errors

They are mutually exclusive and cannot occur simultaneously

None

Which of the following is NOT a common method for determining sample size in human studies?

Choosing a sample size based on the available budget and resources

Conducting a pilot study to estimate variability and effect size

Using published tables or formulas specific to the study design

Consulting with a statistician or using specialized software

Relying on the sample size of previously published studies in the field

None

What is the relationship between sample size and statistical power?

The relationship between sample size and power depends on the effect size

As sample size increases, statistical power increases

Sample size and statistical power are not related

As sample size increases, statistical power decreases

The relationship between sample size and power depends on the study design

None

Which of the following factors is NOT typically considered when calculating sample size for an animal study?

e) The power of the study

a) The desired effect size

d) The cost of purchasing and housing the animals

c) The significance level (alpha)

b) The variability of the outcome measure

None

What is the purpose of conducting a sample size calculation before beginning a study?

b) To ensure the study has sufficient statistical power to detect an effect

a) To determine the maximum number of subjects that can be recruited

c) To minimize the cost and resources required for the study

e) To eliminate the need for a control group

d) To guarantee statistically significant results

None

What is a Type I error?

Failing to reject a false null hypothesis

Rejecting a false null hypothesis

Accepting a true alternative hypothesis

Rejecting a true null hypothesis

Failing to reject a true null hypothesis

None

Which of the following is an example of a situation where a larger sample size may be required in an animal study?

When the expected effect size is large

When the cost of the animals is low

When the variability of the outcome measure is low

When the study will be completed quickly

When multiple comparisons will be made between treatment groups

None

What is the purpose of interim sample size re-estimation in clinical trials?

To stop the trial early if there is a clear benefit or harm

To adjust the sample size based on observed treatment effects

To change the primary outcome measure of the study

To modify the eligibility criteria for recruiting subjects

To account for unexpected dropout rates or protocol deviations

None

What is the main difference between one-tailed and two-tailed hypothesis tests?

Two-tailed tests have higher statistical power than one-tailed tests

One-tailed tests are always more appropriate than two-tailed tests

One-tailed tests have higher statistical power than two-tailed tests

Two-tailed tests are used when the direction of the effect is known, while one-tailed tests are used when the direction is unknown

One-tailed tests are used when the direction of the effect is known, while two-tailed tests are used when the direction is unknown

None

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Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always seek the advice of a healthcare provider with any questions regarding a medical condition.

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