Table of Contents
What is Pharmacology?
Pharmacology is the branch of science concerned with the study of drugs, their actions on living systems, mechanisms of action, uses in treatment, and adverse effects. Pharmacology serves as the critical link between basic sciences (chemistry, physiology, biochemistry) and clinical medicine, guiding rational therapeutics.
Core Divisions of Pharmacology
| Division | Description |
|---|---|
| Pharmacodynamics | Study of what drugs do to the body—mechanisms, sites, and effects |
| Pharmacokinetics | Study of what the body does to drugs—absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) |
| Pharmacotherapeutics | Clinical use of drugs for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment |
| Toxicology | Study of poisonous effects of drugs and other chemicals |
| Pharmacogenomics/genetics | Influence of genetic makeup on drug response and metabolism |
| Pharmacy/Pharmaceutics | Drug formulation, compounding, stability, and delivery |
Key Terms and Concepts
- Drug: Any chemical agent that affects biological systems; includes medications, toxins, and endogenous compounds when given exogenously.
- Receptor: Specific cellular protein or structure to which a drug binds to initiate its action.
- Agonist vs Antagonist: Agonists activate receptors to produce effects. Antagonists bind and block them, preventing activity.
- Dose-response relationship: The relationship between the dose of a drug and the magnitude of effect.
- Therapeutic index: Ratio between toxic and therapeutic doses; measure of safety.
Pharmacodynamics: Mechanisms and Effects
- Receptor Binding: Most drugs act via receptors (membrane-bound, intracellular, enzyme, ion channel, nuclear). Effects may be stimulatory, inhibitory, or modulatory.
- Efficacy and Potency: Efficacy is the maximum effect a drug can produce. Potency is the amount (dose/concentration) required for effect.
- Types of Effects:
- Therapeutic effect: Desired clinical outcome.
- Side effect: Unwanted, often predictable but non-dangerous effect.
- Adverse effect: Harmful, potentially dangerous effect.
- Toxic effect: Resulting from excessive dosing or accumulation.
- Idiosyncratic/allergic effect: Unpredictable, due to individual susceptibility.
Pharmacokinetics: Journey of Drugs through the Body
| Process | Description | Major Factors |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption | Passage from site of administration to bloodstream | Route, solubility, pH, formulation |
| Distribution | Dispersion throughout bodily fluids and tissues | Perfusion, tissue binding, protein binding |
| Metabolism | Biotransformation, mostly in liver (Phase I/II) | Enzyme activity (CYP450), genetics |
| Excretion | Removal via kidney (urine), GI (feces), or other routes | Renal function, biliary excretion |
- Bioavailability: Fraction of administered dose that reaches systemic circulation (100% for IV, usually less for oral).
- Half-life (t½): Time required for plasma concentration to halve; affects dosing intervals.
Drug Administration Routes
| Route | Examples | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oral | Tablets, capsules | Convenient, safe | First-pass metabolism, slower onset |
| Parenteral | IV, IM, SC | Rapid, 100% bioavailable (IV) | Infection risk, technique required |
| Topical | Creams, ointments | Localized effect | Systemic absorption can occur |
| Inhalational | Gaseous anesthetics | Rapid, large surface area | Limited to certain drugs |
| Others | Buccal, rectal, transdermal, intrathecal, intraarticular | Used for specific clinical needs | Variable absorption |
Drug Interactions and Individualization
- Drug-drug interactions: Synergism, antagonism, enzyme induction/inhibition, altered absorption or elimination.
- Patient differences: Age, weight, organ function, genetics, pregnancy, disease state—all alter drug selection, dosing, response, and monitoring.
Development, Regulation, and Safety
- Drug development: Preclinical studies → clinical trials (Phase I–IV).
- Regulation: Ensures quality, efficacy, and safety (FDA, EMA, CDSCO, etc.).
- Prescription vs OTC drugs: Control depends on safety profile, abuse potential.
Foundational Principles in Modern Pharmacology
- Evidence-based selection and dosing.
- Focus on minimizing harm (side effects/toxicity) while maximizing benefit.
- Stewardship and rational drug use to prevent resistance (esp. antibiotics, opioids).
- Application of molecular/cellular biology, genetics, and informatics to personalize therapy.
Quick Review Table: Major Aspects and Examples
| Aspect | Example |
|---|---|
| Drug class | Beta-blockers (antihypertensives) |
| Prototype drug | Propranolol |
| Mechanism | β-adrenergic blockade |
| Uses | Hypertension, angina, arrhythmia |
| PK/PD features | Oral/IV, hepatic metabolism, varies by agent |
| Key side effects | Bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm |
| Major interaction | Additive hypotension with other antihypertensives |
References
- Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollmann BC, editors. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 14th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2022.
- Katzung BG, Vanderah TW. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 16th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2021.
- Trevor AJ, Katzung BG, Kruidering-Hall M, et al. Katzung & Trevor’s Pharmacology: Examination & Board Review. 13th ed; 2021.
- Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, et al. Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology. 9th ed. Elsevier; 2019.
Reference
Mentor, Pharmacology. Pharmacology: An Introduction. Pharmacology Mentor. Available from: https://pharmacologymentor.com/pharmacology-an-introduction/. Accessed on October 7, 2025 at 15:30.
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