Category: Pharmacology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Introduction Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits in the absence of any identifiable...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
I. Introduction Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic disorder characterized by the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, which leads to troublesome symptoms, mucosal...
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) – A brief note
Introduction Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by sores or lesions in the lining of the stomach or duodenum. It is a...
Helicobacter pylori Infection and Treatment
Introduction Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral-shaped, gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human stomach and duodenum. First identified in the early 1980s, this organism quickly...
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES)
I. Definition, Historical Perspective & Epidemiology Zollinger–Ellison Syndrome (ZES) is a rare disorder characterized by gastrin-secreting tumors (“gastrinomas”) of the pancreas or duodenum. These tumors lead...
Pharmacovigilance
1 · Introduction Pharmacovigilance (PV) is the “science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other medicine-related problem”...
Pharmacology of Oxytocin
Oxytocin, a neuropeptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its...
Pharmacology of Tocolytic Agents
I. Introduction Tocolytic agents are medications used to inhibit uterine contractions and suppress premature labor, thereby prolonging pregnancy long enough for vital fetal benefits—particularly the administration...
Pharmacology of thyroid and antithyroid drugs – an Overview
Physiology of Thyroid Hormones Thyroid Hormone Synthesis The thyroid secretes T4 and T3, the synthesis of which depends on dietary iodine or iodide supplements.– Iodide...
Pharmacology of Prostaglandin Analogues
I. Introduction Prostaglandins are autacoids derived from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase pathway and modulate numerous physiological processes—vascular tone, inflammation, gastric cytoprotection, uterine contraction, and...