Pharmacology

Introduction/Overview Quinine, a naturally occurring alkaloid derived from the bark of the Cinchona tree, represents one of the oldest and most historically significant therapeutic agents in medicine. Its use for…

1. Introduction/Overview Quinine, a naturally occurring alkaloid extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree, represents one of the oldest and most historically significant therapeutic agents in medicine. Its use…

Introduction/Overview Primaquine phosphate is an 8-aminoquinoline antimalarial agent of significant historical and contemporary clinical importance. First synthesized in the 1940s, it remains the only drug widely available for the radical…

Introduction/Overview Primaquine phosphate is an 8-aminoquinoline compound that occupies a unique and critical position in the antimalarial pharmacopeia. Unlike most antimalarial agents which target the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium…

Introduction/Overview Ritonavir is a synthetic peptidomimetic agent initially developed as an antiretroviral drug for the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Its primary clinical significance has evolved from its…

Introduction/Overview Ritonavir is a synthetic peptidomimetic agent initially developed as an antiretroviral drug. Its primary clinical significance has evolved from its direct antiviral activity to its pivotal role as a…

Introduction/Overview Efavirenz represents a cornerstone non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) in the historical and contemporary management of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Its development marked a significant advancement…

Introduction/Overview Efavirenz represents a cornerstone non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) in the historical and contemporary management of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Its development marked a significant advancement…

Introduction/Overview Tenofovir represents a cornerstone nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) in the contemporary management of chronic viral infections, specifically human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Its development…

Introduction/Overview Lamivudine, a synthetic nucleoside analogue, represents a cornerstone agent in the chemotherapeutic management of chronic viral infections. Initially developed and approved for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)…