Antimicrobial | Pharmacology Mentor

Pharmacology of Fluoroquinolones

December 28, 2025October 25, 2023 by Pharmacology Mentor

Fluoroquinolones are one of the most significant classes of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents used in modern medicine. With their ability to target both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, these agents are frequently employed in various clinical scenarios, from community-acquired respiratory infections to complicated hospital-acquired pathogens. Developed from the original compound nalidixic acid in the 1960s, fluoroquinolones have evolved to exhibit increased potency, improved … Read more

Pharmacology of Macrolides

December 28, 2025October 25, 2023 by Pharmacology Mentor

Macrolides are a group of antibiotics characterized by a macrocyclic lactone ring attached to various amino or neutral sugars. They are widely used in clinical medicine, particularly against respiratory pathogens and certain atypical organisms. Erythromycin was the first macrolide discovered (isolated from Streptomyces erythreus in the 1950s), followed by newer “second-generation” and “third-generation” agents such … Read more

Pharmacology of Tetracyclines

February 25, 2026October 25, 2023 by Pharmacology Mentor

Tetracyclines are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that are effective against a wide variety of bacteria. They are commonly used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, skin, and urinary system, as well as certain sexually transmitted infections and acne. Below is a comprehensive overview of the pharmacology of tetracyclines: Classification Tetracyclines include several drugs … Read more

Principles of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

October 5, 2025October 9, 2023 by Pharmacology Mentor

Antimicrobial chemotherapy has transformed modern medicine, providing effective treatments for a wide array of infectious diseases. Its rational application relies on core scientific and clinical principles to optimize use, minimize harm, and combat resistance. Introduction Antimicrobial agents target bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. Their selection and use are guided by principles aiming at maximal efficacy, minimal harm, … Read more

Antimicrobial resistance

December 27, 2025October 9, 2023 by Pharmacology Mentor

Antimicrobial resistance is a leading global health threat, characterized by the ability of microbes (bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites) to withstand drugs formerly effective against them. The emergence and spread of AMR threatens the effectiveness of essential medical treatments, increases morbidity and mortality, and imposes substantial costs on healthcare systems and societies. What is Antimicrobial Resistance? … Read more

The history and evolution of antimicrobial agents

October 6, 2025October 9, 2023 by Pharmacology Mentor

The development of antimicrobial agents stands as one of the most significant achievements in medical history. From ancient remedies to the modern era of targeted chemotherapeutics, the journey of these life-saving drugs illustrates remarkable ingenuity, scientific progress, and ongoing challenges such as antimicrobial resistance. Early Observations and Ancient Remedies Humans used moulds, plant extracts, and … Read more

Complete Guide on Malaria and its Management

January 28, 2026September 4, 2023 by Pharmacology Mentor

Malaria is a major infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted to humans by female Anopheles mosquitoes. Despite global control efforts, malaria remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in resource-limited settings. I. Epidemiology & Public Health Burden II. Plasmodium Species and Life Cycle Species Prevalence Features P. falciparum Most common, most severe Cerebral malaria, severe anemia P. vivax … Read more

Antimicrobial Resistance and its mechanisms

December 27, 2025August 6, 2023 by Pharmacology Mentor

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the process by which microorganisms evolve to withstand the effects of drugs that were once effective against them. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance is vital for clinicians, microbiologists, and policy makers in managing infections and designing stewardship interventions. What Is Antimicrobial Resistance? AMR occurs when previously susceptible microbes (bacteria, fungi, viruses, … Read more

Antibiotic Stewardship: A Complete Overview for Healthcare Professionals

October 6, 2025August 6, 2023 by Pharmacology Mentor

Antibiotic stewardship refers to coordinated interventions designed to improve and measure the appropriate use of antibiotics by promoting the selection of the optimal antibiotic regimen including dosing, duration, and route of administration. The primary goals are to optimize clinical outcomes, minimize toxicity and adverse events, limit the development of resistance, and reduce unnecessary costs. Why … Read more

Antimalarial Drugs – A Comprehensive Guide

January 21, 2025April 28, 2023 by Pharmacology Mentor

Antimalarial drugs are a class of medications specifically designed to prevent and treat malaria, a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes.