Pharmacopoeias and formularies are two types of drug compendia commonly used in the healthcare sector. Government-published official compendia that have legal status are Pharmacopoeias. They contain information on officially approved drugs in a country, including their chemical structure, molecular weight, physical and chemical characteristics, solubility, identification and assay methods, purity standards, storage conditions, and dosage … Read more
Drug compendia refer to comprehensive collections of information on drugs presented in the form of monographs. These monographs typically contain detailed descriptions of drugs, including their indications, contraindications, dosage forms, adverse effects, and storage conditions. They are essential resources for various stakeholders in the healthcare sector, including physicians, pharmacists, drug manufacturers, and regulatory authorities. Introduction … Read more
Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. This article provides a detailed exploration of angina pectoris, including its classification, types, pathophysiology, and treatment for individual types. We’ll also incorporate flowcharts to help illustrate these concepts. What is Angina Pectoris? Angina pectoris is … Read more
Pharmacologic treatment of angina pectoris relies on antianginal agents that improve the myocardial oxygen supplyโdemand balance for symptom control and on adjunctive therapies tailored to mechanism (obstructive, vasospastic, microvascular), heart rate, blood pressure, and comorbidities under contemporary chronic coronary syndrome guidelines. Core antianginal classes include nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, late sodium current inhibition (ranolazine), … Read more
1. Definition & Epidemiology Ischemic heart disease (IHD)โalso called coronary artery disease (CAD)โis defined by impaired blood supply (ischemia) to the myocardium, usually due to narrowing or obstruction of the coronary arteries by atherosclerotic plaque. IHD is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly affecting adults over age 40 and those with major cardiovascular … Read more
The treatment of ischemic heart disease aims to improve blood flow to the heart muscle.ย This can be achieved through a combination of lifestyle changes, medications, and in some cases, surgical procedures. Drug Class Examples Pharmacokinetics Mechanism of Action/Pharmacological Actions Therapeutic Uses Adverse Effects Contraindications Drug Interactions Antiplatelet Drugs Aspirin, Clopidogrel Rapidly absorbed in the stomach … Read more
Introduction Enzyme inducers play a significant role in drug metabolism, affecting the efficacy and safety of various medications. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the intricacies of enzyme inducers, explore their mechanisms of action, and provide relevant examples. By the end of this article, you will have a solid understanding of enzyme inducers … Read more
Understanding NSAIDs: What are they? Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, commonly known as NSAIDs, are a class of drugs primarily used for their analgesic (pain-relieving), antipyretic (fever-reducing), and, as their name suggests, anti-inflammatory effects. They’re a staple in medicine cabinets worldwide and for a good reason. But to truly appreciate these drugs, we need to delve deeper … Read more
Discover the transformative role of mnemonics in pharmacology. Learn how these memory-enhancing tools can simplify complex drug information, making it easier to remember and apply in real-world scenarios. Introduction Pharmacology, the branch of medicine that deals with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs, is a vast and complex field. It’s a world … Read more
Introduction and scope Obesity is a chronic, relapsing, multifactorial disease marked by excess adiposity that impairs health. It now affects more than one billion people worldwide, including over 650 million adults, with prevalence rising in nearly every region and across all socioeconomic strata. Obesity substantially increases risks of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, … Read more