Pharmacology of Propranolol
Introduction Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocker, has been a mainstay in the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases. First synthesized in the 1960s, it revolutionized the management of conditions like hypertension, angina…
Pharmacology of Testosterone
Introduction Testosterone is a key hormone in the human body, primarily recognized for its role in male sexual development and secondary sexual characteristics. However, its pharmacological profile extends well beyond basic reproduction…
Pharmacology of Albendazole
Albendazole is a broad-spectrum benzimidazole anthelmintic that disrupts parasite microtubules and energy metabolism, leading to ovicidal, larvicidal, and vermicidal effects across key helminth infections. Clinically, it is FDA-approved for parenchymal…
Pharmacology of Amiodarone
Introduction Amiodarone is a potent and versatile class III antiarrhythmic agent, widely used for the management of a range of cardiac arrhythmias. Its unique pharmacological profile makes it effective in…
Pharmacology of Clindamycin
Clindamycin is a semi-synthetic lincosamide antibiotic that exerts its antimicrobial action by binding to the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis through blockage of…
Pharmacology of Levocetirizine
Introduction Levocetirizine is a widely used second-generation H1-antihistamine, often prescribed for the management of allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and other allergic conditions. It is the active R-enantiomer of its racemic counterpart, cetirizine, a drug that has…
Pharmacology of Linezolid
Linezolid is a synthetic oxazolidinone antibiotic indicated for serious Gram-positive bacterial infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. It is…
Pharmacology of Rivaroxaban
Introduction Rivaroxaban is an oral direct Factor Xa inhibitor widely used for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Developed as part of a newer generation of target-specific oral anticoagulants (TSOACs) or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), rivaroxaban offers…
Pharmacology of Vancomycin
Introduction Vancomycin is a prominent glycopeptide antibiotic widely recognized for its efficacy in treating severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and certain Clostridioides difficile (C.…
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Introduction Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing-remitting inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that primarily includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Both conditions can produce significant…
