1. Introduction/Overview Estrogens and progestins constitute a fundamental class of steroid hormones with extensive physiological roles and therapeutic applications. These agents are integral to the regulation of the female reproductive…

Introduction/Overview Corticosteroids represent a cornerstone class of therapeutic agents with profound and diverse physiological effects. These synthetic analogues of endogenous adrenal cortex hormones are among the most widely prescribed drugs…

Introduction/Overview Corticosteroids represent a cornerstone class of therapeutic agents with profound and diverse physiological effects. These synthetic analogues of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are among the most widely…

Introduction/Overview The management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a significant and growing global therapeutic challenge. Oral hypoglycemic agents constitute the cornerstone of pharmacotherapy for this condition, aiming to…

1. Introduction/Overview The pharmacological management of glucose homeostasis represents a cornerstone of modern endocrinology and metabolic medicine. Insulin and glucagon, two polypeptide hormones secreted by the pancreatic islets of Langerhans,…

1. Introduction/Overview The management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) relies significantly on pharmacotherapy aimed at correcting the pathophysiological triad of insulin resistance, relative insulin deficiency, and hepatic glucose overproduction.…

1. Introduction/Overview The endocrine pancreas plays a central role in metabolic homeostasis, primarily through the secretion of two polypeptide hormones with opposing actions: insulin and glucagon. The pharmacology of these…

Introduction/Overview The thyroid gland, through the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones, exerts a profound influence on nearly every organ system, regulating basal metabolic rate, thermogenesis, and overall cellular metabolism.…

Introduction/Overview The pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon represent the principal endocrine regulators of fuel metabolism, orchestrating the storage and mobilization of energy substrates to maintain systemic glucose homeostasis. Their opposing…

Introduction/Overview The thyroid gland, through the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones, exerts a profound influence on metabolic rate, thermogenesis, growth, and development. Disorders of thyroid function, namely hypothyroidism and…