Cholinomimetic Drugs (Cholinergic Agonists / Parasympathomimetics)
Introduction Cholinomimetic drugs (also referred to as parasympathomimetics) are agents that mimic or enhance the actions of acetylcholine (ACh), the primary neurotransmitter found at parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings, neuromuscular junctions, and certain synapses within the central nervous system (CNS). By activating…
Cholinergic Antagonists: A Comprehensive Guide to Parasympatholytics and Antimuscarinic Agents
Introduction Cholinergic antagonists, also known as parasympatholytics or antimuscarinic agents, are a class of drugs that block the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous…
Pharmacology of Magnesium Sulfate
Introduction Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the human body and plays a critical role in numerous physiological processes. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is an inorganic salt that has…
Antimicrobial stewardship
Antimicrobial stewardship is the coordinated set of actions that ensures the optimal selection, dosing, route, and duration of antimicrobial therapy to improve clinical outcomes while minimizing toxicity, resistance, and costs.…
Pharmacology of Anxiolytics
Scope and Definition Anxiolytics are a class of pharmacological agents administered to treat pathological anxiety—a set of disorders characterized by excessive and unmanageable worry or fear. Anxiety may be generalized (GAD),…
Regulatory Pharmacology
Introduction to Regulatory Pharmacology Regulatory pharmacology sits at the crossroads of science, law, and ethics, serving as a critical bridge between the benchtop discoveries of new drugs and their delivery…
Oral Contraceptives: OCPs
Oral contraceptives (OCs) are hormone-containing medications taken to prevent pregnancy and for management of various gynecologic conditions. They are among the most widely used medicines globally, and have undergone major…
Pharmacology of Progesterone
Introduction Brief Overview of Progesterone Progesterone is a crucial hormone in the human body, predominantly known for its role in the female reproductive system. It is a steroidal hormone primarily…
Pharmacology of Estrogens
Introduction Overview of Estrogens: Definition and Biological Significance Estrogens are a group of steroid hormones crucial for the development and functioning of both female and male reproductive systems, although they…
Pharmacotherapy of Type 2 Diabetes
Introduction Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has become a global health challenge, characterized by insulin resistance and a relative deficiency of insulin secretion, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia. Over time, poorly controlled T2DM can…
