Pharmacology of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Introduction Skeletal muscle relaxants are a diverse group of medications that act on the central nervous system (CNS) or directly on skeletal muscles to reduce muscle tone and alleviate symptoms…
Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) Blockers
Introduction The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a specialized synapse where a motor neuron communicates with a skeletal muscle fiber to initiate muscle contraction. This communication relies on the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the presynaptic terminal of the…
Pharmacotherapy of Angina Pectoris
Introduction Angina pectoris, often referred to simply as angina, is chest pain or discomfort that arises when the myocardial oxygen supply is insufficient to meet the heart’s metabolic demands. As…
Cholinomimetic Drugs (Cholinergic Agonists / Parasympathomimetics)
Introduction Cholinomimetic drugs (also referred to as parasympathomimetics) are agents that mimic or enhance the actions of acetylcholine (ACh), the primary neurotransmitter found at parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings, neuromuscular junctions, and certain synapses within the central nervous system (CNS). By activating…
Cholinergic Antagonists: A Comprehensive Guide to Parasympatholytics and Antimuscarinic Agents
Introduction Cholinergic antagonists, also known as parasympatholytics or antimuscarinic agents, are a class of drugs that block the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous…
Pharmacology of Magnesium Sulfate
Introduction Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the human body and plays a critical role in numerous physiological processes. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is an inorganic salt that has…
Antimicrobial stewardship
Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most pressing public health threats of the 21st century. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has declared that AMR is one…
COVID-19 Vaccines: A Comprehensive Review of Short-term and Long-term Adverse Effects
Introduction The rapid development and deployment of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, has been a remarkable scientific achievement. Several vaccines, including mRNA vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna), viral…
Pharmacology of Anxiolytics
Introduction to Anxiolytics Anxiolytics, often known as anti-anxiety medications, play a pivotal role in the management of anxiety disorders. These medications are designed to alleviate symptoms of anxiety, such as…
Regulatory Pharmacology
Introduction to Regulatory Pharmacology Regulatory pharmacology sits at the crossroads of science, law, and ethics, serving as a critical bridge between the benchtop discoveries of new drugs and their delivery…
