Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Receptors: A Comprehensive Overview
Introduction The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological functions in the human body. It consists of two main divisions: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)…
Pharmacology of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Introduction Skeletal muscle relaxants are a diverse group of medications that act on the central nervous system (CNS) or directly on skeletal muscles to reduce muscle tone and alleviate symptoms…
Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) Blockers
Introduction The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a specialized synapse where a motor neuron communicates with a skeletal muscle fiber to initiate muscle contraction. This communication relies on the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the presynaptic terminal of the…
Pharmacotherapy of Angina Pectoris
Introduction Angina pectoris, often referred to simply as angina, is chest pain or discomfort that arises when the myocardial oxygen supply is insufficient to meet the heart’s metabolic demands. As…
Cholinomimetic Drugs (Cholinergic Agonists / Parasympathomimetics)
Introduction Cholinomimetic drugs (also referred to as parasympathomimetics) are agents that mimic or enhance the actions of acetylcholine (ACh), the primary neurotransmitter found at parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings, neuromuscular junctions, and certain synapses within the central nervous system (CNS). By activating…
Cholinergic Antagonists: A Comprehensive Guide to Parasympatholytics and Antimuscarinic Agents
Introduction Cholinergic antagonists, also known as parasympatholytics or antimuscarinic agents, are a class of drugs that block the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous…
Pharmacology of Magnesium Sulfate
Introduction Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the human body and plays a critical role in numerous physiological processes. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is an inorganic salt that has…
Antimicrobial stewardship
Antimicrobial stewardship is the coordinated set of actions that ensures the optimal selection, dosing, route, and duration of antimicrobial therapy to improve clinical outcomes while minimizing toxicity, resistance, and costs.…
Pharmacology of Anxiolytics
Scope and Definition Anxiolytics are a class of pharmacological agents administered to treat pathological anxiety—a set of disorders characterized by excessive and unmanageable worry or fear. Anxiety may be generalized (GAD),…
Regulatory Pharmacology
Introduction to Regulatory Pharmacology Regulatory pharmacology sits at the crossroads of science, law, and ethics, serving as a critical bridge between the benchtop discoveries of new drugs and their delivery…
