Pharmacology of Antiarrhythmic Agents: A Comprehensive Overview
Introduction Cardiac arrhythmias—or disturbances in the normal electrical rhythm of the heart—represent a complex spectrum of disorders that can range from benign to life-threatening (Katzung, 2020). In normal physiology, the…
Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogeomics: An indepth review
Introduction Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics represent a groundbreaking convergence of genetics, medicine, and pharmaceutical sciences. By investigating the ways individual genetic variations influence drug response, researchers and clinicians have profoundly impacted…
Pharmacokinetics (ADME): an overview
Introduction Pharmacokinetics is the branch of pharmacology devoted to understanding what the body does to a drug once it has been administered. This entails a detailed look at four main processes collectively…
Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) in Drug Design
Introduction to Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) explore the connection between a compound's chemical structure and its biological activity. By analyzing how different molecular structures influence biological effects, researchers…
Pharmacology of Androgens: A Comprehensive Guide
Introduction Androgens—the primary being testosterone and its potent intracellular metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT)—drive the development and maintenance of male phenotype, regulate protein anabolism, affect behavior, and exert complex feed-back control over the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG)…
Pharmacology of Anti-Androgens
I. Introduction and Historical Context Anti-androgens are a pharmacologically diverse class of agents designed to diminish or block the effects of endogenous androgens—principally testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT)—on target tissues. Since the…
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Receptors: A Comprehensive Overview
Introduction The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological functions in the human body. It consists of two main divisions: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)…
Pharmacology of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Introduction Skeletal muscle relaxants are a diverse group of medications that act on the central nervous system (CNS) or directly on skeletal muscles to reduce muscle tone and alleviate symptoms…
Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) Blockers
Introduction The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a specialized synapse where a motor neuron communicates with a skeletal muscle fiber to initiate muscle contraction. This communication relies on the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the presynaptic terminal of the…
Pharmacotherapy of Angina Pectoris
Introduction Angina pectoris, often referred to simply as angina, is chest pain or discomfort that arises when the myocardial oxygen supply is insufficient to meet the heart’s metabolic demands. As…
