1. Introduction/Overview Paracetamol, known as acetaminophen in North America and Japan, represents one of the most widely utilized analgesic and antipyretic agents in global medical practice. Its introduction into clinical…

1. Introduction/Overview Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), represents one of the most historically significant and widely utilized pharmaceutical agents in medical practice. Its development from the natural salicylates found in…

Introduction/Overview Tubocurarine represents a foundational agent in the history of pharmacology and anesthesiology. As the principal active alkaloid isolated from the South American plant Chondrodendron tomentosum, used historically as arrow…

Introduction/Overview Succinylcholine is a short‑acting depolarizing neuromuscular blocker that has been a cornerstone of modern anesthetic practice for over half a century. Its rapid onset and brief duration of action…

Introduction / Overview Atenolol is a selective β1-adrenergic receptor antagonist widely employed in the management of cardiovascular disorders. The drug’s prominence in clinical practice stems from its relatively favorable safety…

Introduction/Overview Neostigmine represents a cornerstone agent in the pharmacotherapy of conditions characterized by impaired neuromuscular transmission and postoperative recovery. As a synthetic quaternary ammonium compound, it functions primarily as a…

Introduction/Overview Pilocarpine is a naturally occurring alkaloid and a prototypical parasympathomimetic agent, primarily known for its direct agonist activity at muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Historically derived from the leaves of South…

1. Introduction/Overview Acetylcholine (ACh) represents the prototypical neurotransmitter of the cholinergic system, a fundamental signaling pathway in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Its discovery by Otto Loewi in…

1. Introduction/Overview Dopamine, a member of the catecholamine family, functions as a critical neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and as a systemic hormone. Its pharmacology is complex and multifaceted,…

1. Introduction/Overview Noradrenaline, also known internationally as norepinephrine, is a fundamental endogenous catecholamine that functions as both a central neurotransmitter and a peripheral hormone. As a key effector of the…