1. Introduction/Overview Histamine, chemically known as 2-(4-imidazolyl)ethylamine, is a biogenic amine with profound physiological and pathological roles. It functions as a critical mediator in immediate hypersensitivity reactions, gastric acid secretion,…

1. Introduction/Overview Naloxone hydrochloride represents a critical pharmacotherapeutic agent within emergency medicine and toxicology. As a competitive opioid receptor antagonist, its primary clinical utility resides in the rapid reversal of…

1. Introduction/Overview Codeine, an alkaloid derived from the opium poppy Papaver somniferum, represents one of the most historically significant and widely utilized opioid medications. As a prototypical weak opioid agonist,…

1. Introduction/Overview Pethidine, also known internationally as meperidine, is a synthetic opioid analgesic with a significant historical role in pain management. First synthesized in 1939, it represented one of the…

1. Introduction/Overview Celecoxib represents a significant development in the therapeutic modulation of inflammation and pain. As the first selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor approved for clinical use, it occupies a distinct…

Introduction/Overview Celecoxib represents a significant development in the therapeutic modulation of inflammation and pain. As the first selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor approved for clinical use, it occupies a distinct position…

1. Introduction/Overview Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the phenylacetic acid derivative class, which has occupied a central position in the therapeutic management of pain and inflammation for…

1. Introduction/Overview Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the phenylacetic acid derivative class, which has occupied a central position in the therapeutic management of pain and inflammation for…

1. Introduction/Overview Ibuprofen, a prototypical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), represents one of the most widely utilized therapeutic agents globally. Its introduction in the 1960s marked a significant advancement in the…