1. Introduction/Overview Furosemide represents a cornerstone therapeutic agent within the class of loop diuretics, distinguished by its potent efficacy in promoting sodium and water excretion. Its introduction in the 1960s…

Introduction/Overview Montelukast represents a cornerstone in the prophylactic and chronic management of asthma and allergic rhinitis, belonging to the therapeutic class of leukotriene receptor antagonists. Its development marked a significant…

Introduction/Overview Ipratropium bromide represents a cornerstone in the management of obstructive airway diseases, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). As a quaternary ammonium derivative of atropine, it functions as a…

Introduction/Overview Theophylline, a methylxanthine derivative, represents one of the oldest classes of therapeutic agents still in clinical use for respiratory diseases. Its historical use dates back centuries, with natural sources…

1. Introduction/Overview Salbutamol, also known internationally as albuterol, represents a cornerstone medication in the management of reversible airway obstruction. As a selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, its primary therapeutic action is…

Introduction/Overview Methotrexate, a structural analogue of folic acid, represents a cornerstone therapeutic agent in both oncology and immunology. Originally developed as a chemotherapeutic drug in the 1940s, its application has…

Introduction/Overview Colchicine is a naturally occurring alkaloid derived from plants of the genus Colchicum, most notably the autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale). Its use as a therapeutic agent dates back to…

Introduction/Overview Allopurinol represents a cornerstone therapeutic agent in the management of disorders characterized by hyperuricemia, most notably chronic gout. As a structural analog of the natural purine base hypoxanthine, it…

1. Introduction/Overview Cetirizine is a widely prescribed second-generation antihistamine, recognized as a cornerstone in the management of allergic conditions. As a piperazine derivative and a carboxylated metabolite of hydroxyzine, it…

1. Introduction/Overview Diphenhydramine represents a prototypical and historically significant agent within the first-generation H1 receptor antagonist class of drugs. Initially synthesized in the 1940s, its introduction marked a pivotal advancement…