Introduction/Overview Disulfiram represents a cornerstone pharmacotherapeutic agent in the management of chronic alcohol use disorder, operating through a distinctive aversive mechanism rather than by reducing craving or inducing euphoria. Originally…

Introduction/Overview Ethanol, or ethyl alcohol, is a simple two-carbon alcohol (CH3CH2OH) that represents one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances globally. Its use spans recreational, cultural, ritualistic, and, to…

Introduction/Overview Thiopental sodium, a thiobarbiturate derivative, represents a cornerstone agent in the history of intravenous anesthesia. First introduced into clinical practice in the 1930s, it revolutionized anesthetic induction by providing…

Introduction/Overview Lithium carbonate represents a cornerstone in the psychopharmacological management of mood disorders, possessing a unique therapeutic profile distinct from other psychotropic agents. Its introduction into modern psychiatry in the…

Introduction/Overview Amitriptyline, a prototypical tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), represents a cornerstone agent in psychopharmacology with a complex and multifaceted pharmacological profile. Initially synthesized in the early 1960s, its introduction marked a…

Introduction/Overview Fluoxetine represents a cornerstone agent in the psychopharmacological armamentarium, being the first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) approved for clinical use. Its introduction in the late 1980s marked a…

Introduction/Overview Clozapine represents a cornerstone in the psychopharmacological management of severe psychiatric disorders, distinguished by its unique efficacy and complex safety profile. As the prototypical atypical antipsychotic, its development marked…

Introduction/Overview Chlorpromazine, introduced into clinical practice in the 1950s, represents a landmark therapeutic agent in the history of psychopharmacology. Its discovery and subsequent application fundamentally altered the management of severe…

Introduction/Overview Haloperidol represents a cornerstone agent in the class of typical antipsychotic medications, primarily employed in the management of psychotic disorders and acute agitation. First synthesized in 1958 by Paul…