1. Introduction/Overview Estrogens represent a critical class of steroid hormones with extensive physiological roles and therapeutic applications. Primarily known for their function in the development and regulation of the female…

Introduction/Overview Dexamethasone is a potent synthetic glucocorticoid, a cornerstone agent in the therapeutic arsenal for managing a wide spectrum of inflammatory, autoimmune, allergic, and neoplastic conditions. As a member of…

1. Introduction/Overview Prednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid of paramount clinical significance, representing a cornerstone in the therapeutic management of a diverse spectrum of inflammatory, autoimmune, allergic, and neoplastic disorders. As…

Introduction/Overview Hydrocortisone, also known as cortisol, represents the primary endogenous glucocorticoid hormone secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. As a pharmaceutical agent, it serves both as replacement…

Introduction/Overview Propylthiouracil (PTU) is a thiourea-derivative antithyroid medication that has been a cornerstone in the management of hyperthyroidism for over seven decades. As a member of the thioamide class, it…

Introduction/Overview Carbimazole represents a cornerstone in the medical management of hyperthyroidism, a condition characterized by excessive synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones. As a thionamide derivative, it functions as a…

1. Introduction/Overview Levothyroxine sodium, the synthetic sodium salt of the L-isomer of thyroxine (T4), represents the cornerstone of thyroid hormone replacement therapy. As a bioidentical hormone, its pharmacology is intrinsically…

Introduction/Overview Glibenclamide, also known as glyburide in the United States, represents a cornerstone oral hypoglycemic agent within the sulfonylurea class. Its introduction marked a significant advancement in the pharmacological management…

Introduction/Overview Metformin, a dimethylbiguanide, represents a cornerstone in the pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Its clinical introduction in the late 1950s and subsequent widespread adoption have established it…

1. Introduction/Overview Insulin represents a cornerstone of pharmacotherapy for diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The discovery of…