Introduction/Overview Isoniazid, also known by its abbreviation INH, represents a cornerstone chemotherapeutic agent in the global management of tuberculosis (TB). Since its introduction into clinical practice in the early 1950s,…

Introduction/Overview Rifampicin, also known as rifampin in some regions, represents a cornerstone antimicrobial agent within the modern pharmacotherapeutic arsenal. As a semisynthetic derivative of rifamycin B, produced by Streptomyces mediterranei,…

Introduction/Overview Cotrimoxazole represents a fixed-dose combination antimicrobial agent consisting of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in a 5:1 ratio. This synergistic combination has maintained clinical utility for over five decades despite the…

Introduction/Overview Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic agent belonging to the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics. Since its introduction in the 1980s, it has represented a cornerstone in the management of a…

Introduction/Overview Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic first isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae in 1947. It represents a historically significant antimicrobial agent whose clinical use has become markedly restricted in many parts…

Introduction/Overview Azithromycin represents a cornerstone antimicrobial agent within the macrolide class, distinguished by its unique pharmacokinetic profile and broad spectrum of activity. As a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin, it was…

1. Introduction/Overview Tetracyclines represent a broad-spectrum class of antibiotics with a history spanning over seven decades of clinical use. Originally derived from Streptomyces bacteria, these agents have played a significant…

Introduction/Overview Gentamicin, a bactericidal aminoglycoside antibiotic, represents a cornerstone in the management of serious Gram-negative bacterial infections. First isolated from Micromonospora purpurea in 1963, its introduction marked a significant advancement…

Introduction/Overview Vancomycin is a tricyclic glycopeptide antibiotic of considerable historical and contemporary clinical significance. Initially isolated from Streptomyces orientalis in the 1950s, it was long considered a drug of last…

Introduction/Overview Ceftriaxone is a broad-spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic of paramount clinical importance in modern antimicrobial therapy. Its development represented a significant advancement in the beta-lactam class, addressing the need for…