Introduction/Overview Phenylephrine is a synthetic sympathomimetic amine that functions as a selective agonist at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. As a direct-acting vasoconstrictor, it occupies a significant position in both outpatient and…

Introduction/Overview Edrophonium chloride is a short-acting, reversible inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Its primary clinical utility resides in the diagnostic evaluation of myasthenia gravis, a disorder characterized by autoantibody-mediated impairment…

Introduction/Overview Bethanechol chloride is a parasympathomimetic agent that functions as a direct-acting cholinergic agonist. It occupies a distinct therapeutic niche due to its selective action on muscarinic receptors within the…

Introduction/Overview Imatinib mesylate represents a paradigm shift in the therapeutic approach to certain malignancies, establishing the proof-of-concept for molecularly targeted cancer therapy. As a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, its development…

Introduction/Overview Tamoxifen citrate represents a cornerstone in the endocrine therapy of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. As a pioneering agent in its class, it has significantly altered the natural history of…

Introduction/Overview Doxorubicin, a potent anthracycline antibiotic derived from Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius, represents a cornerstone of modern cytotoxic chemotherapy. Since its introduction into clinical practice in the 1960s, it has…

Introduction/Overview Vincristine, a naturally occurring alkaloid derived from the Madagascar periwinkle plant Catharanthus roseus, represents a cornerstone chemotherapeutic agent with a clinical history spanning over six decades. Its discovery and…

1. Introduction/Overview Cisplatin, or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), represents a cornerstone of modern chemotherapy and a seminal discovery in oncology. Its serendipitous discovery in the 1960s, arising from observations of inhibited bacterial cell…

Introduction/Overview Cyclophosphamide represents a cornerstone agent in the therapeutic armamentarium for a diverse array of malignant and autoimmune conditions. As a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent and prodrug, its clinical utility…

Introduction/Overview Albendazole represents a cornerstone agent within the benzimidazole class of broad-spectrum anthelmintic drugs. Since its introduction, it has become a critical component in the management of tissue-dwelling helminth infections,…