Introduction/Overview Hydralazine is a direct-acting vasodilator that has maintained a significant, though evolving, role in cardiovascular therapeutics since its clinical introduction in the 1950s. Originally developed as an antihypertensive agent,…

Introduction/Overview Nimodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker with a distinct pharmacological profile that confers preferential activity on cerebral arteries. Its development and clinical adoption represent a targeted therapeutic approach…

Introduction/Overview Nifedipine represents a cornerstone agent in the dihydropyridine class of calcium channel blockers, a group of medications with significant therapeutic importance in cardiovascular medicine. First introduced in the 1970s,…

Introduction/Overview Valsartan represents a cornerstone agent in the management of cardiovascular and renal disorders mediated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). As a selective angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), it exerts…

Introduction/Overview Telmisartan is an orally active antihypertensive agent belonging to the class of angiotensin II receptor blockers. As a cornerstone in the management of hypertension and related cardiovascular disorders, its…

Introduction/Overview Acetazolamide represents a cornerstone therapeutic agent within the class of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, distinguished by its unique mechanism of action and diverse clinical applications. First introduced in the 1950s,…

Introduction/Overview Dextromethorphan, the d-isomer of the codeine analog levorphanol, is a centrally acting antitussive agent devoid of analgesic or addictive properties at therapeutic doses. First approved for medical use in…

Introduction/Overview Acetylcysteine, also known as N-acetylcysteine (NAC), is a multifunctional pharmacological agent with a broad spectrum of clinical applications rooted in its unique biochemical properties. Originally developed as a mucolytic…

Introduction/Overview Fluticasone represents a cornerstone synthetic glucocorticoid medication extensively utilized in the management of chronic inflammatory respiratory and dermatological conditions. As a potent anti-inflammatory agent, its development marked a significant…

Introduction/Overview Budesonide represents a cornerstone agent within the class of synthetic glucocorticoids, distinguished by its high topical potency and extensive first-pass metabolism. As a non-halogenated corticosteroid, it is formulated for…