Pharmacology of Tetracyclines
INTRODUCTION Tetracyclines are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics initially discovered in the late 1940s as natural products of Streptomyces species. They quickly gained wide clinical use due to their efficacy…
Pharmacology of Oral Contraceptive Pills (OCPs)
INTRODUCTION Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) rank among the most widely used forms of reversible birth control worldwide. First introduced in the 1960s, OCPs have profoundly impacted reproductive healthcare, offering numerous…
Pharmacology of antiretroviral drugs
INTRODUCTION The advent of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) represents one of the most significant milestones in contemporary medicine, radically transforming human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection from a near-fatal illness into…
Drug Nomenclature or Naming System: A detailed overview
INTRODUCTION Drug nomenclature is a critical and highly specialized area within pharmaceutical science, involving the systematic naming of medicinal substances for rigorous clarity in healthcare settings, research environments, and regulatory…
Pharmacology of Aspirin: A Comprehensive Overview
Introduction Aspirin—chemically known as acetylsalicylic acid—is among the most widely used medications across the globe. Renowned for its analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and, at low doses, antithrombotic actions, aspirin’s versatility has made it a mainstay in clinical…
Pharmacology of NSAIDs: Comprehensive Overview, Mechanism of Action, and Clinical Considerations
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely used medications worldwide, offering relief from pain, inflammation, and fever for a myriad of conditions. Their popularity stems from their effectiveness,…
Pharmacology of Antiarrhythmic Agents: A Comprehensive Overview
Introduction Cardiac arrhythmias—or disturbances in the normal electrical rhythm of the heart—represent a complex spectrum of disorders that can range from benign to life-threatening (Katzung, 2020). In normal physiology, the…
Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogeomics: An indepth review
Introduction Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics represent a groundbreaking convergence of genetics, medicine, and pharmaceutical sciences. By investigating the ways individual genetic variations influence drug response, researchers and clinicians have profoundly impacted…
Pharmacokinetics (ADME): an overview
Introduction Pharmacokinetics is the branch of pharmacology devoted to understanding what the body does to a drug once it has been administered. This entails a detailed look at four main processes collectively…
Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) in Drug Design
Introduction to Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) explore the connection between a compound's chemical structure and its biological activity. By analyzing how different molecular structures influence biological effects, researchers…
