Alzheimer’s Disease and treatment
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by amyloid and tau protein pathology that leads to gradual decline in memory, function, and behavior; management combines accurate staging, symptomatic cognitive…
Pharmacotherapy of Cough
Introduction Cough—an involuntary, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs—is one of the most frequent symptoms leading to medical consultation. As a physiologic reflex, cough serves as the body's first…
Anti-manic drugs: Lithium and others
Introduction Mania is a hallmark feature of bipolar disorder and is characterized by heightened mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, grandiosity, and, often, impulsive or reckless behaviors. During manic episodes,…
Antidepressant Drugs: A brief note
Brief Summary Drugs can increase monoaminergic transmission by inhibiting the metabolism or reuptake of neurotransmitters such as serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA). MAO Inhibitors Reuptake Inhibitors I. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic…
Pharmacology of Antianxiety Drugs
Introduction Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental health conditions globally, encompassing generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, social anxiety, phobias, and more. Characterized by excessive worry, fear, and…
Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Drugs
Introduction The field of antipsychotic pharmacology continues to evolve as our understanding of the central nervous system advances. Antipsychotic drugs, also known as neuroleptics, are primarily used to manage psychotic disorders such…
Routes of Drug Administration: A detailed overview
Routes of drug administration are critical in determining a medication’s therapeutic effectiveness, safety profile, and patient adherence. Different routes allow clinicians to optimize how quickly and extensively an active compound…
Routes of Drug Administration
Introduction The administration of drugs is an essential aspect of medical practice. It involves the process of delivering medication to a patient's body through various routes. The appropriate route of…
Dosage Forms of the Drugs
Introduction Drugs can be formulated into a wide variety of dosage forms to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. The choice of dosage form depends on factors such as the physicochemical…
An Overview of Essential Medicines
Essential medicines are drugs selected to meet the priority health care needs of a population, chosen on the basis of public‑health relevance, comparative efficacy and safety, cost‑effectiveness, and assured quality,…
