Introduction/Overview Calcitonin is a polypeptide hormone primarily involved in calcium and bone homeostasis. It is secreted by the parafollicular cells (C-cells) of the thyroid gland in mammals, though in non-mammalian…

Introduction/Overview Alendronate sodium is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate that represents a cornerstone in the pharmacological management of metabolic bone diseases, most notably osteoporosis. Its development and clinical introduction marked a significant…

Introduction/Overview Alendronate sodium is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate that represents a cornerstone in the pharmacological management of metabolic bone diseases, most notably osteoporosis. Its development and clinical adoption marked a significant…

Introduction/Overview Clomiphene citrate represents a cornerstone agent in the pharmacological management of female infertility, specifically for ovulation induction. As a non-steroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), its therapeutic action is…

Introduction/Overview Clomiphene citrate represents a cornerstone agent in the pharmacological management of anovulatory infertility. As a non-steroidal compound with selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) activity, it occupies a unique therapeutic…

Introduction/Overview Levonorgestrel is a synthetic progestogen that represents one of the most widely utilized hormonal agents in clinical practice. As the biologically active levorotatory enantiomer of norgestrel, it possesses potent…

Introduction/Overview Mifepristone, initially developed as RU-486, represents a pivotal agent in reproductive medicine and endocrinology. As a synthetic steroid derivative, it functions primarily as a competitive antagonist at progesterone and…

1. Introduction/Overview Finasteride represents a cornerstone therapeutic agent in the management of androgen-dependent conditions, specifically benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and androgenetic alopecia (male pattern hair loss). Its development marked a…

Introduction/Overview Testosterone, a primary endogenous androgen steroid hormone, serves as a cornerstone agent in endocrine pharmacology. Synthesized primarily in the Leydig cells of the testes in males, with smaller contributions…

1. Introduction/Overview Testosterone, the principal endogenous androgen, serves as a critical hormone in mammalian physiology, orchestrating a wide array of developmental and homeostatic functions. As a steroidal compound derived from…