Parasympathomimetics/Cholinergic agonists
Introduction Parasympathomimetics — also referred to as cholinergic agonists or muscarinic agonists—are a class of medications that enhance or mimic the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The PNS is one subdivision…
Sympathomimetics/Adrenergic agonists
1 · Introduction Sympathomimetic agents—or adrenergic agonists—comprise a pharmacological super-family that mimics or amplifies the actions of endogenous catecholamines (noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine) at α1, α2, β1, β2, β3 and…
Clinical Pharmacokinetics
Clinical pharmacokinetics is a branch of pharmacology that studies the clinical aspects of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. In this article, we will explore key concepts in clinical…
Adverse Drug Reactions – ABCDE classification
1 · Introduction Drugs are double-edged swords: while they alleviate symptoms, modify disease course and often save lives, they also generate harm. This harm can arise from adverse drug reactions…
Drug Interactions
Introduction Drugs can interact in various ways, leading to changes in the way they work and potential side effects. Understanding these interactions is essential to ensure the safe and effective…
Pharmacodynamics: Understanding What Drug Does to the Body
Pharmacodynamics is a branch of pharmacology that focuses on the study of how drugs interact with the body at the molecular, cellular, and systemic levels to produce their effects. It…
Pharmacokinetics – What the body does to Drug?
Pharmacokinetics, derived from the Greek words 'pharmakon' meaning drug, and 'kinesis' meaning movement, is the science that elucidates what the body does to a drug following administration. Pharmacokinetics is the…
The Comprehensive Guide to Drug Discovery, Development, and Clinical Trials: Everything You Need to Know
Drug discovery and development is an intricate and multifaceted process that encompasses identifying, designing, and testing prospective new drugs. The primary objective is to discover secure and effective treatments for…
Chapters and Topics in General Pharmacology
Introduction to General Pharmacology General pharmacology covers the fundamental principles of pharmacology, including Drug discovery and development, Souces of Drugs, Dosage forms, Routes of drug administration, Pharmacokinetics, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Drug interactions and Adverse drug reactions…
Factors Affecting Oral Drug Absorption and its Bioavailability
Oral drug absorption is a critical process that determines the efficacy and safety of a medication. The bioavailability of a drug depends on various factors, including physical properties, dosage forms,…
