Introduction/Overview Organophosphates represent a class of chemicals with profound pharmacological and toxicological significance. Originally developed as insecticides and later adapted for chemical warfare, these compounds exert their primary effects through…

Introduction/Overview Griseofulvin represents a significant historical milestone in the development of systemic antifungal therapy. Isolated from the mold Penicillium griseofulvum in 1939, its antifungal properties were not recognized until the…

Introduction/Overview Terbinafine represents a cornerstone agent in the modern pharmacotherapy of superficial fungal infections. As a synthetic allylamine antifungal, it has established a primary role in the management of dermatophytoses,…

Introduction/Overview Voriconazole represents a cornerstone in the therapeutic armamentarium against invasive fungal infections, a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patient populations. As a second-generation synthetic triazole antifungal…

Introduction/Overview Itraconazole represents a cornerstone in the systemic management of a broad spectrum of fungal infections. As a synthetic triazole antifungal agent, its development marked a significant advancement over earlier…

Introduction/Overview Nystatin represents a cornerstone antifungal agent within the polyene macrolide class, primarily employed for the management of superficial fungal infections caused by Candida species. Isolated in 1950 from the…

Introduction/Overview Clofazimine is a synthetic riminophenazine antibiotic with a distinctive profile in antimicrobial chemotherapy. Initially developed in the 1950s for tuberculosis, its primary clinical utility was established in the treatment…

Introduction/Overview Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from Streptomyces fradiae. First isolated in 1949, it has occupied a significant, though increasingly specialized, niche in antimicrobial therapy for over seven decades.…

Introduction/Overview Streptomycin, derived from the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus, represents the first discovered aminoglycoside antibiotic and a landmark agent in antimicrobial chemotherapy. Its introduction in the mid-20th century provided the…

Introduction/Overview Nitrofurantoin is a synthetic antimicrobial agent with a distinctive chemical structure and a highly specific clinical utility. Since its introduction into clinical practice in the 1950s, it has maintained…