Pharmacology of Benzodiazepines
Introduction Benzodiazepines are a cornerstone of modern pharmacotherapy for anxiety, insomnia, seizure disorders, muscle spasms, and other related conditions. By enhancing the effects of the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS),…
Pharmacology of Antitussives
Introduction A cough is one of the most common clinical symptoms that prompts patients to seek medical care. Although it serves a critical protective role in clearing secretions, irritants, and pathogens from…
Pharmacology of antiemetic drugs
Introduction Nausea and vomiting are protective reflexes designed to prevent the ingestion or continued digestion of harmful toxins. However, when severe, they can significantly deteriorate patient comfort, compromise treatment adherence,…
Pharmacology of Mucosal Protective Agents
Introduction Peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and other erosive conditions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract rank among the most common and debilitating ailments worldwide. In managing these…
Pharmacology of Antacids
Introduction Antacids represent one of the oldest and most commonly used groups of medications for gastrointestinal acidity-related disorders. By chemically neutralizing excessive gastric acid, antacids rapidly relieve symptoms such as heartburn, epigastric…
Pharmacology of H2 Receptor Antagonists
Histamine H2 receptor antagonists are competitive blockers of gastric parietal-cell H2 receptors that suppress basal and stimulated acid secretion and are used for GERD, peptic ulcer disease, hypersecretory states, and…
Antimicrobial Resistance and its mechanisms
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the process by which microorganisms evolve to withstand the effects of drugs that were once effective against them. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance is vital for…
Antibiotic Stewardship: A Complete Overview for Healthcare Professionals
Antibiotic stewardship refers to coordinated interventions designed to improve and measure the appropriate use of antibiotics by promoting the selection of the optimal antibiotic regimen including dosing, duration, and route…
Glaucoma, pathophysiology, treatment and other information
Introduction to Glaucoma Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, which is vital for good vision. This damage is often caused by abnormally high pressure…
Drugs Used for Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Overview Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) encompasses ulceration of the gastric or duodenal mucosa due to an imbalance between aggressive factors (gastric acid, pepsin, Helicobacter pylori, bile, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs…
