Understanding Cyclooxygenase (COX) Enzymes
Cyclooxygenase (COX), which is also called prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), is an enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostanoids like thromboxane and prostaglandins like prostacyclin. This enzyme is a member of…
Pharmacology of Benzodiazepines
Introduction Benzodiazepines are a cornerstone of modern pharmacotherapy for anxiety, insomnia, seizure disorders, muscle spasms, and other related conditions. By enhancing the effects of the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS),…
Pharmacology of Antitussives
Introduction A cough is one of the most common clinical symptoms that prompts patients to seek medical care. Although it serves a critical protective role in clearing secretions, irritants, and pathogens from…
Pharmacology of antiemetic drugs
Introduction Nausea and vomiting are protective reflexes designed to prevent the ingestion or continued digestion of harmful toxins. However, when severe, they can significantly deteriorate patient comfort, compromise treatment adherence,…
Pharmacology of Mucosal Protective Agents
Introduction Peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and other erosive conditions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract rank among the most common and debilitating ailments worldwide. In managing these…
Pharmacology of Antacids
Introduction Antacids represent one of the oldest and most commonly used groups of medications for gastrointestinal acidity-related disorders. By chemically neutralizing excessive gastric acid, antacids rapidly relieve symptoms such as heartburn, epigastric…
Pharmacology of H2 Receptor Antagonists
Histamine H2 receptor antagonists are competitive blockers of gastric parietal-cell H2 receptors that suppress basal and stimulated acid secretion and are used for GERD, peptic ulcer disease, hypersecretory states, and…
Antimicrobial Resistance and its mechanisms
Introduction to Antimicrobial Resistance Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health issue that has been steadily gaining attention. But what exactly is it? In simple terms, antimicrobial resistance occurs when…
Antibiotic Stewardship: A Complete Overview for Healthcare Professionals
Introduction to Antibiotic Stewardship Antibiotic stewardship is a coordinated effort to improve the use of antibiotics by promoting the selection of the optimal antibiotic drug regimen, dose, duration of therapy,…
Glaucoma, pathophysiology, treatment and other information
Introduction to Glaucoma Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, which is vital for good vision. This damage is often caused by abnormally high pressure…
