Antiarrhythmic drugs: Propafenone (Class 1C)
Propafenone is a Class 1C antiarrhythmic that produces potent, use‑dependent blockade of fast cardiac Na+ channels with slow unbinding kinetics, resulting in marked conduction slowing and QRS widening, and it…
Antiarrhythmic drugs: Flecainide (Class 1C)
Flecainide is a Class 1C antiarrhythmic agent widely used for rhythm control in atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, particularly in patients without significant structural heart disease. The following summarizes its pharmacology, clinical…
Antiarrhythmic drugs: Mexiletine (Class 1B)
Mexiletine is an oral Class IB antiarrhythmic and sodium channel blocker structurally related to lidocaine, used primarily for ventricular arrhythmias and selected channelopathies such as LQT3 where late sodium current…
Antiarrhythmic drugs: Lidocaine (Class 1B)
If you trained in a time when every crash cart seemed to include “lido,” you remember lidocaine as the go-to antidote for ugly ventricular ectopy. Today, it has a more…
Antiarrhythmic drugs: Disopyramide (Class 1A)
Introduction Disopyramide is a Class 1a antiarrhythmic agent, primarily used in the treatment of ventricular tachycardia. It functions as a sodium channel blocker, inhibiting conduction by depressing the increase in…
Antiarrhythmic drugs: Quinidine (Class 1A)
Overview and Learning Objectives By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: Quinidine is a prototypical Class IA antiarrhythmic historically used in atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Although…
Antiarrhythmic drugs: Procainamide (Class 1A)
Procainamide is a Class IA antiarrhythmic that blocks fast INaINa channels and prolongs repolarization via its active metabolite N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA), making it useful for acute management of a variety of ventricular and…
Classification of Adrenergic Receptors: A Quick Overview
Introduction Adrenergic receptors play a pivotal role in regulating physiological processes and are the target of numerous pharmacological interventions. These receptors are broadly classified into α and β types, with…
Adverse Drug Reactions: On-target and Off-target aspect
Introduction Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) remain a formidable challenge in clinical pharmacology and patient care. They can significantly diminish quality of life, induce severe morbidity and mortality, extend hospital stays,…
The History of Pharmacology
The Intersection of Religion and Medicine At the dawn of human civilization, religion and medicine were inextricably linked. Priests, shamans, and holy people were the original pharmacologists, wielding the power…
