Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists are synthetic peptide analogues of native GnRH engineered to resist enzymatic degradation and to produce sustained receptor activation that ultimately suppresses pituitary LH/FSH and downstream sex…
Pharmacology of Danazol: a synthetic steroid
Introduction and Chemical Nature Danazol is a synthetic isoxazole derivative of 17α-ethinyl testosterone. It was developed for its unique endocrine properties and mild androgenic activity, making it useful in various gynecological…
Pharmacology of Testosterone
Introduction Testosterone is a key steroid hormone primarily secreted by the testes in males and, to a lesser extent, by the ovaries in females and the adrenal glands in both sexes.…
Pharmacology of Quinupristin-dalfopristin
Introduction Quinupristin-dalfopristin is a parenteral antibiotic combination belonging to the streptogramin class. It arose as a potent therapeutic alternative for managing resistant Gram-positive bacterial infections, particularly those involving methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus…
Metronidazole: an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication
Introduction Metronidazole is a widely used antimicrobial agent recognized for its efficacy against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. Derived from nitroimidazole, metronidazole disrupts the DNA of target microorganisms, halting their replication. It was first…
Clindamycin: a lincosamide antibiotic
Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic widely used for its excellent activity against many Gram-positive cocci and anaerobes. It is valued for oral and parenteral versatility, tissue penetration (including bone), and its…
Pharmacology of Linezolid
Introduction Among the modern arsenal of antibiotics, linezolid occupies a key position in the management of drug-resistant Gram-positive infections. Approved by the U.S. FDA in 2000, linezolid heralded the first-in-class oxazolidinone family of antibacterials,…
Pharmacology of Vancomycin
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic principally used in the treatment of severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, particularly those resistant to beta-lactams such as MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), penicillin-resistant streptococci,…
Pharmacology of Co-trimoxazole
Introduction Co-trimoxazole—a combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim—has been a cornerstone antibacterial agent for decades. The synergy between these two drugs proves highly effective against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. First introduced in the 1960s,…
Pharmacology of Aminoglycoside antibiotics
INTRODUCTION Aminoglycoside antibiotics are a class of potent, broad-spectrum bactericidal agents that have played a critical role in the management of serious bacterial infections for decades. First derived from microbial…
