Pharmacology of Levodopa (L-Dopa) and Carbidopa: the combination
Levodopa (L-Dopa) and Carbidopa are used in combination to manage the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. The pharmacology of these drugs…
Linzagolix Pharmacology and Recent Advancements
Introduction Linzagolix, brand named Yselty®, is a selective, orally administered, non-peptide small molecule gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonist developed by Kissei Pharmaceutical, aimed at treating uterine fibroids and endometriosis in…
Pharmacology of Albendazole
Introduction Albendazole is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic widely used in both human and veterinary medicine. First introduced in the 1970s, it has since become an essential tool for managing a variety…
Pharmacolgy of Atropine: antimuscarinic agent
Introduction Atropine is a naturally occurring anticholinergic agent extracted from various plants of the Solanaceae family, most notably Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade). Renowned for blocking muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, atropine exerts…
Pharmacology of Pilocarpine: a muscarinic receptor agonist
Introduction Pilocarpine is a naturally occurring alkaloid primarily obtained from the leaves of the Pilocarpus genus, particularly Pilocarpus microphyllus and Pilocarpus jaborandi. Classified as a direct-acting cholinergic agonist, pilocarpine exerts…
Pharmacology of Anticholinergics: Atropine
Introduction Atropine—the prototypical naturally occurring belladonna alkaloid—has been used in medicine for well over a century. Extracted chiefly from Atropa belladonna (deadly night-shade), it remains indispensable in anesthesia, cardiology, ophthalmology, toxicology,…
Pharmacology of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists
Introduction Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists have redefined several aspects of endocrine and reproductive medicine by offering a more direct and immediate means of suppressing the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis than earlier therapies.…
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists are synthetic peptide analogues of native GnRH engineered to resist enzymatic degradation and to produce sustained receptor activation that ultimately suppresses pituitary LH/FSH and downstream sex…
Pharmacology of Danazol: a synthetic steroid
Introduction Danazol is a synthetic steroid that has been used clinically for decades to manage a range of endocrine and gynecological disorders. Best known for its therapeutic role in endometriosis, fibrocystic breast disease,…
Pharmacology of Testosterone
Introduction Testosterone is a key steroid hormone primarily secreted by the testes in males and, to a lesser extent, by the ovaries in females and the adrenal glands in both sexes.…
