Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - antibiotics

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Mentor, Pharmacology. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy – Antibacterials. Pharmacology Mentor. Available from: https://pharmacologymentor.com/antimicrobial-chemotherapy-antibiotics/. Accessed on February 3, 2026 at 22:39.

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Antibacterials

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📝 Questions: 23

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Question 1 of 23

A patient with a severe *Streptococcus pyogenes* infection receives clindamycin. What is the primary advantage of clindamycin over penicillin in this scenario? *

Oral bioavailability Reduced risk of allergic reaction Inhibition of exotoxin synthesis Lower cost Better CNS penetration

A patient with a urinary tract infection caused by *Enterococcus faecalis* is treated with a β‑lactam. Which drug is most appropriate? *

Clindamycin Ampicillin Doxycycline Cefazolin Gentamicin

Which of the following antibiotics is least likely to cause QT interval prolongation? *

Levofloxacin Azithromycin Ciprofloxacin Cefepime Doxycycline

Which of the following bacterial enzymes confers resistance to β‑lactam antibiotics by breaking the β‑lactam ring? *

Topoisomerase IV Aminoglycoside acetyltransferase β‑lactamase Methyltransferase Efflux pump

Which class of antibiotics inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by blocking transpeptidation of peptidoglycan strands? *

Macrolides Aminoglycosides Fluoroquinolones β‑lactams Tetracyclines

Which of the following macrolide antibiotics is most likely to interact with statins, increasing the risk of myopathy? *

Clarithromycin Erythromycin Roxithromycin Fidaxomicin Azithromycin

A patient with a prosthetic valve infective endocarditis caused by *Staphylococcus aureus* requires a β‑lactam antibiotic. Which drug is the preferred choice? *

Amoxicillin‑clavulanate Cloxacillin Cefazolin Oxacillin Penicillin G

Which of the following is the most common adverse effect of linezolid therapy when used for >2 weeks? *

Hypotension Hepatotoxicity Red‑eye syndrome Peripheral neuropathy Nephrotoxicity

The emergence of “β‑lactamase‑negative, ampicillin‑resistant” *Escherichia coli* strains is most commonly due to: *

Increased ribosomal protection proteins Acquisition of plasmid‑encoded AmpC β‑lactamase Overproduction of efflux pumps Mutations in the penicillin‑binding proteins Reduced outer‑membrane porin expression

A patient with severe sepsis due to gram‑negative rods is started on a carbapenem. What is the key advantage of carbapenems over third‑generation cephalosporins? *

Lower cost Oral bioavailability Fewer drug interactions Activity against extended‑spectrum β‑lactamases (ESBLs) Better CNS penetration

A patient with a severe infection due to *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* is started on an aminoglycoside. Which dosing strategy is preferred to maximize efficacy and reduce toxicity? *

Continuous infusion, low dose Every 6 h low dose Every 8 h low dose Twice‑daily low dose Once‑daily high dose (pharmacodynamic peak)

What is the primary mechanism by which fluoroquinolones kill bacteria? *

Disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane Inhibit protein synthesis at the 50S ribosomal subunit Inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV Inhibit folic acid synthesis Interfere with cell wall peptidoglycan cross‑linking

Which drug class is most commonly associated with the development of Clostridioides difficile colitis? *

β‑lactams Penicillins Macrolides Cephalosporins Fluoroquinolones

Which of the following drug classes is most likely to cause a “red‑on‑white” visual effect when taken with sulfonamides? *

Tetracyclines Aminoglycosides β‑lactams Macrolides Fluoroquinolones

Which drug is most likely to cause a red‑on‑white reaction when co‑administered with sulfonamides? *

Ciprofloxacin Amoxicillin Tetracycline Ceftriaxone Metronidazole

Which of the following is a major mechanism by which *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* develops resistance to isoniazid? *

Production of β‑lactamase Altered ribosomal RNA methylation Mutation in gyrA gene Overexpression of efflux pumps Mutation in the katG gene encoding catalase‑peroxidase

Which of the following is a key structural feature that allows macrolide antibiotics to bind the 50S ribosomal subunit? *

20‑membered macrolactone ring 14‑membered macrolactone ring 16‑membered macrolactone ring 4‑membered lactone ring 18‑membered macrolactone ring

Which of the following statements best describes the pharmacodynamic target for β‑lactams? *

Steady‑state concentration to MIC (Css/MIC) Time above MIC (T>MIC) Frequency of dosing Area under the curve to MIC (AUC/MIC) Peak concentration to MIC ratio (Cmax/MIC)

Which of the following agents is a prodrug that requires hydrolysis by bacterial β‑glucuronidase to become active against anaerobes? *

Nitroimidazoles Fosfomycin Metronidazole Amoxicillin‑clavulanate Cefotetan

A patient with a severe, life‑threatening *Acinetobacter baumannii* infection is treated with colistin. What limits colistin’s use? *

Allergic reactions Hepatotoxicity Severe neurotoxicity Renal tubular epithelial toxicity Poor oral absorption

A patient is receiving vancomycin therapy. Which monitoring parameter is used to avoid nephrotoxicity? *

C‑reactive protein every 48 h Urine output every 12 h Vancomycin trough concentration Red blood cell count weekly Serum creatinine daily

Which antibiotic is most likely to cause a “red‑on‑white” visual effect when taken with sulfonamides? *

Amoxicillin Cefdinir Doxycycline Ciprofloxacin Metronidazole

A 65‑year‑old man with chronic kidney disease is prescribed an antibiotic that requires dose adjustment due to renal excretion. Which drug’s dosing needs to be reduced? *

Amoxicillin Linezolid Vancomycin Ciprofloxacin Ceftriaxone

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Antimicrobial Chemotherapy – Antibacterials

Antibacterials

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