Symptoms

Glaucoma, pathophysiology, treatment and other information

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Glaucoma Illustration showing open-angle glaucoma eye anatomy in cartoon style

Glaucoma is a chronic, progressive optic neuropathy characterized by retinal ganglion cell loss and characteristic optic nerve/visual field damage in which lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) slows progression across open‑angle, angle‑closure, and secondary forms. The only proven disease‑modifying therapy is sustained IOP reduction via medications, laser trabeculoplasty, or surgery tailored to mechanism, severity, and risk, with … Read more

Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms and its Management

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alcohol withdrawal

1. Overview & Clinical Importance Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a potentially life-threatening condition that follows the abrupt cessation or reduction of heavy, prolonged alcohol consumption. It is common in hospital and psychiatric settings, and timely recognition and management are critical for optimal outcomes. Chronic alcohol intake leads to neuroadaptations in GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission; withdrawal … Read more

Methanol Poisoning: Symptoms and Management

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methanol poisoning

Methanol (methyl alcohol, wood alcohol) is a simple aliphatic alcohol with significant toxicological importance. It is colorless, volatile, and commonly used as a solvent, antifreeze, fuel, and in industrial chemical processes. Accidental or intentional ingestion of methanol, as well as inhalation or dermal exposure, can result in severe toxicity and death. The cardinal feature of … Read more

Organophosphorus Compound Poisoning and Its Treatment

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Organophosphorous compound poisoning

Introduction Organophosphorus (OP) compounds, a broad class of chemicals primarily used as pesticides (insecticides) and, less ethically, as chemical warfare agents (nerve gases), pose a significant challenge in both developed and developing nations (Katzung, 2020). Poisoning from OP agents remains a leading cause of acute morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in rural settings where pesticides are extensively deployed in … Read more