Archives: Pharmacology Topics

Parkinson’s Disease: Key Pharmacology & Pathophysiology Section Highlights Physiology • Basal ganglia circuitry—direct (Go) vs indirect (No‑Go) pathways. • Dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) project to striatum, modulating movement. Pathophysiology • Selective loss of SNc dopaminergic neurons → ↓striatal dopamine, ↑calcium‑permeable channels, oxidative stress, α‑synuclein aggregation. • Result: over‑inhibition of the thalamus … Read more

Common Routes of Drug Administration (Short‑Reference Guide) Category Route Typical Uses / Notes Example Drugs Systemic (enter one‑way or multiple) Oral (PO) Most convenient; affected by first‑pass metabolism and gastric pH. Acetaminophen, Metformin Intravenous (IV) Immediate, 100 % bioavailability; used for acute or unreliable gut absorption. Amoxicillin IV, Lidocaine Intramuscular (IM) Rapid absorption; used when IV access … Read more