Alunbrig Alunbrig (generic name: alunbrigitin) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets the programmed death‑ligand 1 (PD‑L1) expressed on tumor cells and antigen‑presenting cells. It is currently approved for the treatment of metastatic non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and is being investigated in multiple solid tumor indications, including triple‑negative breast cancer (TNBC) and urothelial carcinoma. … Read more
Alprolix Alprolix is a recombinant human growth hormone (somatropin) produced via recombinant DNA technology. It is administered subcutaneously and is approved for treating growth hormone deficiency in children and adults, with additional indications for growth failure in Prader‑Willi syndrome and short‑stature due to SHOX deficiency. Mechanism of Action Receptor binding: Alprolix binds to the growth … Read more
Alecensa Alecensa (generic afatinib) is an irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine‑kinase inhibitor (TKI) indicated for patients with metastatic or unresectable non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring EGFR‑exon 19 deletions or EGFR L858R activating mutations. — Mechanism of Action Irreversible covalent binding to the kinase domain (Cys 797) of EGFR, ALK, HER2, and KIT leading to persistent inhibition of downstream … Read more
Alprazolam Mechanism of Action Alprazolam is a benzodiazepine that potentiates inhibitory neurotransmission. Enhances the activity of the γ‑aminobutyric acid (GABA)‑A receptor complex. Increases chloride ion influx, hyperpolarizing neuronal membranes. Produces anxiolytic, sedative‑hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and muscle‑relaxant effects. Pharmacokinetics Absorption – Rapid, peak plasma levels within 1–2 h; bioavailability ≈ 96 %. Distribution – Highly protein‑bound (~ 94 %); crosses blood–brain barrier … Read more
Allopurinol Allopurinol is the cornerstone xanthine oxidase inhibitor used to manage chronic gout and hyperuricemia, prevent nephrolithiasis, and control uric acid production in tumor lysis syndrome. — Mechanism of Action Blockade of xanthine oxidase (XO) → ↓ conversion of hypoxanthine → xanthine → uric acid. Results in ↓ serum urate and ↓ urinary urate excretion. … Read more
Aldactone (Spironolactone) Mechanism of Action Spironolactone is a non‑steroidal potassium‑sparing diuretic that acts primarily by antagonizing aldosterone at the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in the distal nephron. Aldosterone blockade → ↓ Na⁺ reabsorption, ↑ K⁺ retention, and ↑ water excretion. Antiandrogenic activity (competitively blocks androgen receptors) → useful for gynecomastia, hirsutism, and acne. Mild antimineralocorticoid … Read more
Albuterol Albuterol (also known as salbutamol) is a short‑acting β₂‑adrenergic agonist widely used as an inhaled bronchodilator for pulmonary conditions. Mechanism of Action β₂‑Receptor Agonist β₂ receptors on bronchial smooth‑muscle → ↑cyclic‑AMP → protein kinase A activation Phosphorylation of myosin light‑chain kinase → inhibition of calmodulin‑dependent contraction Result: rapid, reversible bronchodilation (onset ≤ 5 min, peak 10–15 min) Pharmacokinetics … Read more
Acyclovir Mechanism of Action Selective activation by viral thymidine kinase to acyclovir monophosphate (viral specific). Host cellular kinases convert it to the triphosphate form. The triphosphate competitively inhibits viral DNA polymerase and incorporates into nascent DNA strands, causing chain termination. High selectivity for infected cells reduces host toxicity. Pharmacokinetics Parameter Typical Value Notes Bioavailability 10–30 % … Read more
Ajovy Ajovy® (galcanezumab‑mtsch) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively targets the calcitonin gene‑related peptide (CGRP) ligand. It is approved for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults, both episodic and chronic. Mechanism of Action CGRP blockade – Ajovy binds to and neutralizes circulating CGRP, a neuropeptide that induces vasodilation and pain transmission in migraine. … Read more
Aimovig Aimovig (erenumab‑bmyq) is a fully human monoclonal antibody that selectively targets the calcitonin gene‑related peptide (CGRP) receptor, offering a novel preventive therapy for migraine. Approved by the FDA (2018) and EMA (2022) for episodic and chronic migraine in adults, Aimovig represents a significant step in analgesic precision medicine. Mechanism of Action CGRP receptor blockade: … Read more