Aptiom Aptiom (tenofovir alafenamide fumarate) is an oral nucleotide reverse‑transcriptase inhibitor approved for chronic hepatitis B infection and for pre‑exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) of HIV‐1. Mechanism of Action Tenofovir alafenamide is a lipophilic prodrug of tenofovir. 1. After oral absorption, it is rapidly converted to tenofovir in plasma via a deamidation pathway. 2. Inside hepatocytes or lymphocytes, … Read more
Apriso Apriso is the commercial brand name for apramycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic approved for veterinary use, primarily in swine and poultry populations. Below is a concise, evidence‑based drug card designed for medical students and veterinary professionals. Mechanism of Action Targets the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit: Apramycin binds irreversibly to the 30S subunit, preventing translocation during … Read more
Apokyn Apokyn (generic apixaban) is a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) that selectively inhibits factor Xa. It is approved for stroke prevention in non‑valvular atrial fibrillation and for treatment/prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Mechanism of Action Selective, direct inhibition of factor Xa in the coagulation cascade. Blocks both free and prothrombinase‑complex–bound factor Xa, thus preventing the conversion of prothrombin … Read more
Apalutamide Apalutamide is a potent, selective, non‑steroidal androgen receptor antagonist used primarily for the management of castration‑resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). — Mechanism of Action Selective AR blockade: Binds to the ligand‑binding domain of the androgen receptor (AR) with high affinity, blocking nuclear translocation of AR–androgen complexes. Transcriptional inhibition: Prevents recruitment of co‑activators and thereby suppresses … Read more
Annovera An Annovera vaginal ring (estradiol valerate / etonogestrel) is a long‑acting, reversible contraceptive approved for use up to six months. It is a unique formulation that delivers steady‑state hormone levels while requiring minimal user action. Mechanism of Action Progesterone‑mediated suppression of ovulation – Etonogestrel (progestin) inhibits gonadotropin release, preventing follicular maturation. Inhibition of endometrial … Read more
AndroGel AndroGel (generic testosterone gel) is a topical androgen replacement therapy used primarily for male hypogonadism. It delivers immediate, steady‑state testosterone (T) levels through dermal absorption, providing a convenient alternative to injections or oral preparations. — Mechanism of Action Testosterone Replacement Transdermal delivery increases serum testosterone via penetration through epidermal and dermal layers. Endocrine Receptor … Read more
Ambroxol Mechanism of Action Ambroxol is a mucolytic derivative of bromhexine that enhances mucociliary clearance by: Increasing pulmonary surfactant synthesis → lowers mucus surface tension and improves viscosity. Stabilizing lysosomal membranes and modulatin neutrophil degranulation → promotes effective cough clearance with less airway inflammation. Stimulation of ciliary beat frequency → accelerates mucus transport. These effects … Read more
Ambien (Zolpidem) — Mechanism of Action Selective GABA‑A α1 subunit agonist: binds the benzodiazepine site on the GABA‑A receptor, enhancing chloride influx. Rapid onset (≈30 min) and moderate duration (~1–2 h) favor brief hypnotic effect without residual sedation. Minimal affinity for α2–α4 subunits → reduced anxiolytic, muscle‑relaxant, or anticonvulsant actions compared with non‑selective benzodiazepines. — Pharmacokinetics … Read more
Alunbrig Alunbrig (generic name: alunbrigitin) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets the programmed death‑ligand 1 (PD‑L1) expressed on tumor cells and antigen‑presenting cells. It is currently approved for the treatment of metastatic non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and is being investigated in multiple solid tumor indications, including triple‑negative breast cancer (TNBC) and urothelial carcinoma. … Read more
Alprolix Alprolix is a recombinant human growth hormone (somatropin) produced via recombinant DNA technology. It is administered subcutaneously and is approved for treating growth hormone deficiency in children and adults, with additional indications for growth failure in Prader‑Willi syndrome and short‑stature due to SHOX deficiency. Mechanism of Action Receptor binding: Alprolix binds to the growth … Read more