Blincyto Blincyto (blinatumomab) is a bispecific T‑cell engager (BiTE™) that redirects patient T‑cells to target CD19‑positive B‑cell malignancies. It is indicated for relapsed or refractory B‑cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in both adults and children. Mechanism of Action Dual antigen binding: One arm binds CD19 on malignant B‑cells. The other arm binds CD3ε on … Read more
Bisoprolol Bisoprolol is a cardioselective β‑adrenergic antagonist commonly used for hypertension, chronic heart failure, and angina. Mechanism of Action Selective β1‑receptor blockade → ↓ sympathetic tone on cardiac myocytes and conducting tissue. Resulting effects: Decrease heart rate and contractility (negative chronotropic & inotropic). Reduce myocardial oxygen demand and improve diastolic filling. Lower renin release → … Read more
Bismuth Subsalicylate Bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) is a poorly‑absorbed, topical anti‑inflammatory and antiseptic agent used primarily for acute gastrointestinal discomfort and as an adjunct in Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens. Mechanism of Action Topical antiseptic/anti‑schistosome: BSS complex binds and neutralizes bacterial endotoxins (e.g., lipopolysaccharide) and inactivates surface‑active molecules in Giardia and other enteric organisms. Anti‑inflammatory: The subsalicylate … Read more
Bisacodyl Mechanism of Action Bisacodyl is a potent stimulant laxative. Its effectiveness stems from its lipophilicity, which permits rapid passage into the colon before it is metabolised. Once in the large intestine, it is converted by colonic bacteria into an active sulphate ester that: Stimulates enteric nerves – triggers peristaltic reflexes, increasing colonic motility. Directly … Read more
Biotin Mechanism of Action Biotin (vitamin H, vitamin B₇) is a water‑soluble B‑vitamin that acts as a covalent cofactor (prosthetic group) for five key carboxylase enzymes: Pyruvate carboxylase Acetyl‑CoA carboxylase (fatty‑acid synthesis) Propionyl‑CoA carboxylase (odd‑chain fatty‑acid catabolism) β‑hydroxy‑β‑methylglutaryl (HMG)‑CoA carboxylase (cholesterol synthesis) Methylcrotonyl‑CoA carboxylase (leucine catabolism) By forming biotinyl‑dihydrouridine on these enzymes, it stabilizes the carboxylated intermediate, … Read more
Biktarvy Biktarvy (bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide) is a once‑daily, single‑tablet antiretroviral regimen approved for the treatment of HIV‑1 infection in adults. It combines an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) with two nucleoside reverse‑transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), offering a high genetic barrier to resistance, a favorable safety profile, and excellent adherence support. Mechanism of Action Bictegravir: Competitive inhibitor of HIV‑1 … Read more
Bicalutamide Bicalutamide is a non‑steroidal anti‑androgen (NSAA) used primarily in the treatment of hormone‑responsive prostate cancer. Mechanism of Action Selective androgen receptor (AR) antagonist: Bicalutamide competitively binds to the ligand‑binding domain of the AR with high affinity, blocking dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone from activating the receptor. Inhibition of AR translocation to the nucleus → ↓ … Read more
Beyfortus Beyfortus (nirsevimab) is a once‑monthly, subcutaneous monoclonal antibody that neutralizes syncytial virus (RSV) in high‑risk infants and children. Approved for use from birth to 12 months of age (and up to 5 years in select populations) in various regions. Mechanism of Action Target: Fusion (F) protein on the RSV surface. Binding: Nirsevimab binds with high affinity … Read more
Bevacizumab Bevacizumab (Avastin®) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor‑A (VEGF‑A) to inhibit angiogenesis. Mechanism of Action VEGF‑A inhibition – Binds circulating VEGF‑A and placental growth factor‑1 (PlGF‑1), preventing interaction with VEGF receptors on endothelial cells. Arrest of endothelial growth – Blocks downstream PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling, leading to impaired endothelial … Read more
Betaseron Betaseron (interferon‑β‑1a, recombinant human) is a disease‑modifying therapy approved for relapsing‑remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). It works by modulating the immune response, reducing CNS inflammation, and protecting axons. Mechanism of Action Immunomodulation Binds interferon‑α/β receptors (IFNAR1/2) on target cells, initiating the JAK‑STAT signaling cascade. Induces expression of antiviral MxA, PKR, and OAS proteins that inhibit … Read more